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BULLETIN

OF THE

Brooklyn Entomological
Society

Vol. LV 1960

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE

JOHN F. HANSON

GEORGE S. TULLOCH

JAMES A. SLATER

BUSINESS PRESS, INC
Lancaster, Pennsylvania

FEBRUARY, 1960

No. 1

7 CQ 73

BS7

Ins*

Vol. LV

BULLETIN

OF THE

Brooklyn Entomological

Society

SI-

NEW SERIES

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE

JOHN F. HANSON

GEORGE S. TULLOCH JAMES A. SLATER

Published for the Society by
Business Press, Inc.

N. Queen St. and McGovern Ave., Lancaster, Pa.

Price, 85 cents Subscription, $4.00 per year

Mailed May 20, 1960

Entered as second-class matter January 21 , 1919, at the post office at
Lancaster, Pa. under the Act of March 3, 1879

SET. AM

i.s« mm

The Brooklyn Entomological Society

Meetings are held on the second Wednesday of each month from October to
May, inclusive, at the Engineers’ Club, 117 Remsen Street, Brooklyn 2,
N. Y. The annual dues are $2.00.

OFFICERS 1958-59
Honorary President
R. R. McELVARE
President

HUBERT J. THELEN

Vice President
CASIMIR REDJIVES

Secretary

ANNA FLAHERTY

T reasurer

R. R. McELVARE
P. O. Box 386
Southern Pines
North Carolina

CONTENTS

THE GENUS PELLUCIDOMYIA MACFIE (DIPTERA,

CERATOPOGONIDAE), Wirth 1

THE GENUS KEONOLLA (HOMOPTERA, CICADEL-
LIDAE), DeLong and Currie 4

SOME MEXICAN AND COSTA RICAN MAYFLIES,

Jay Traver 16

NEMOTELUS COMMUNIS HANSON ON GOLDEN-
ROD ( STRATIOMYIDAE) , Knowlton 23

TWO GENERIC SYNONYMS IN THE SIPHLONURI-
DAE (EPHEMEROPTERA), Edmunds 24

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BULLETIN

OF THE

BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Vol. LV FEBRUARY, 1960 No. 1

THE GENUS PELLUCIDOMYIA MACFIE
(DIPTERA, CERATOPOGONIDAE)

By Willis W. Wirth1

Macfie in 1939 described the new genus and species, Pellucido-
myia ugandae, from two females taken in the highlands of southern
Uganda. In 1946 Lane proposed the genus Macfiehelea for olivei-
rai Lane, known from a single female from Brazil. In 1956 Lane
added two more species from Panama to Macfiehelea. In 1956 I
collected two female specimens in Queensland, Australia, which
agree generically with Pellucidomyia and Macfiehelea , genera
which I am forced to consider synonymous. The purpose of this
paper is to point out the salient characters of the genus, to give a
key to the known species, and to describe the new species from
Australia.

Genus Pellucidomyia Macfie

Pellucidomyia Macfie, 1939, Ruwenzori Exped., 1934-5, vol. 1, no.
5, Ceratopogonidae, p. 99. (Type : Pellucidomyia ugandae Mac-
fie, monobasic.)

Macfiehelea Lane, 1946, Rev. de Ent. 17 : 208 (Type: Macfiehelea
oliveirai Lane, monobasic); Lane, 1956, Rev. Brasil. Biol. 16:
435 (key to 3 Neotropical spp.). NEW SYNONYMY.
Diagnosis. — Body densely white or blackish pollinose above.
Head flattened anteroposteriorly, the unflattened portion with same
pollinosity as scutum ; eyes broadly separated ; antennae moderately
long, with sparse basal verticils ; palpus 5-segmented, third segment
slender, without pit. Scutum conically produced anteriorly, with-
out anterior spine or tubercle. Legs slender, femora unarmed,
slightly club-shaped distally; fore legs short, mid legs moderately

1 Entomology Research Division, Agricultural Research Service,
U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

long, hind legs very long ; fourth tarsomere cordiform to transverse
on fore and mid legs, long and cylindrical on hind leg ; fifth tarso-
mere unarmed, swollen on fore leg, not on mid and hind legs ; claws
equal and simple on fore and mid legs, a single very long claw on
hind leg. Wing venation similar to that of Bezzia; one radial cell ;
costa extending to 0.8 of wing length ; microtrichia absent or very
small, wing appearing milky or blue iridescent ; macrotrichia absent.
Abdomen of female without gland rods ; with a pair of tufts of long
hairs ventrally on eighth segment ; two spermathecae ; abdomen
more or less curled ventrally under body. Male unknown.

The genus Pellucidomyia is closely related to the genera Clino-
helea Kieffer, Metahelea Edwards, Tetrabezzia Kieffer, Cerato-
bezzia Kieffer, Heteromyia Say and Neurohelea Kieffer. These
genera all have the fifth tarsomere unarmed, the eighth abdominal
segment of the female abdomen with a pair of ventral tufts of long
hairs, gland rods absent and the claws unequal, at least on the hind
legs.

Pellucidomyia leei Wirth, n. sp.

Female. — Length about 2.5 mm., wing 2.0 mm.

Body very dark brown, almost black ; flattened vertex of head,
broad median portion of scutum to breadth of scutellum, scutellum
and all of abdominal dorsum, densely pearly white pollinose. An-
tenna black except major portion of enlarged second segment
dorsally yellowish. Palpus black. Legs mostly pale yellow, the
following dark brown : coxae, trochanters, distal half of fore femur
and narrow apices of fore tibia, four proximal tarsomeres and all
of fifth tarsomere of fore tarsus ; proximal third and distal fourth
of mid femur, narrow apices of mid tibia, first and second tar-
someres and all of third and fourth tarsomeres of mid tarsus ;
proximal fourth and distal third of hind femur, narrow apices of
hind tibia and first tarsomere, and all of distal tarsomeres of hind
leg, the distal bands on hind femur and tibia much more intense,
appearing blackish. Abdomen slender, curving down posteriorly,
the segments convex dorsally ; each tergum with a pair of small
blackish sensory pits ; first tergum with anterior portion slightly
elevated and bearing long fine pale hairs, the posterior portion less
densely pollinose and appearing blackish in some lights ; last seg-
ment blackish, cerci yellowish. Scutum without apparent vestiture,
slightly elevated in mid-line at mid-length, subconically produced
anteriorly on anterior margin ; surface appearing obliquely rugu-
lose, the rugulae directed posteriorly toward mid-line where the
pollinosity is not quite so dense. Other characters as in generic
diagnosis.

Feb.j 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Male. — Unknown.

Types. — Holotoype female, Hartley’s Creek, north of Cairns,
Queensland, 24 April 1957, W. W. Wirth (type no. 64756,
U.S.N.M.). Paratype, 1 female, same data as type, deposited in
collection of the School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine,
University of Sydney, Australia. These specimens were swept
from vegetation bordering a small stream near the coast in rather
open gum forest.

I take great pleasure in naming this species in honor of David
J. Lee, of the School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine of
the University of Sydney, a distinguished authority on Australian
Ceratopogonidae, with whom I had the privilege of working in
1956-57 at Sydney on a Fulbright Research Scholarship.

Key to the Species of Pellucidomyia

1. Femora entirely blackish or dark brown; body whitish

pollinose from head to tip of abdomen 2

Femora with broad yellowish bands, tibae yellow 4

2. Mid and hind tibiae blackish with only a narrow basal

pale band (Brazil) oliveirai (Lane)

Tibial markings otherwise 3

3. Mid tibia blackish with narrow subbasal brown band ; hind

tibia yellowish with an apical blackish

band (Panama) wirthi (Lane)

Mid tibia yellowish on proximal half, blackish distally ;
hind tibia yellowish with broad subbasal and apical
brown bands (Panama) blantoni (Lane)

4. Body whitish pollinose from vertex to tip of abdomen;

mid and hind femora narrowly dark at bases and

apices (Queensland) leei, n. sp.

Body dull black dorsally, legs yellow except narrow
dark band at apex of hind femur and at apex of hind
tibia (Uganda) ugandae Macfie

The occurrence of five such closely related species, structurally
similar but easily recognizable on characters of coloration, on each
of the three large continents of the Southern Hemisphere where
tropical conditions exist, hut not in the more thoroughly collected
Northern Hemisphere, is remarkable and suggests speculations
on their geographical origin and distribution . Not much more can
be said, however, until the tropical parts of Asia are more thor-
oughly collected in order to ascertain whether Pellucidomyia is a
Pantropical genus or of more restricted distribution.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LV

THE GENUS KEONOLLA
(HOMOPTERA, CICADELLIDAE)

By Dwight M. DeLong and Neva L. Currie1

The genus Keonolla was erected by Oman in 19492 and Proconia
confluens Uhler was designated as the genotype.

The major characteristics of the genus are : Resembling Neokolla
Melichar and previously placed in that genus. The male genital
structures show relationship to Graphocephala Van Duzee. Head
wider than pronotum, anterior margin rounded to front. Crown
broad and tending to be flat, median length greater than length next
the eye. Forewing with a small appendix, inner anteapical cell
short, central anteapical cell parallel-sided, first apical cell long and
membraneous. Male plates elongate, triangular, connective Y-
shaped, junction with aedeagus terminal. Aedeagus asymmetrical,
with a pair of elongate acuminate processes extending dorsad from
base. Aedeagus shaft short, small, lying dorsad of base of aedeagus.

Four species and one subspecies have been placed in the nearctic
fauna. Three of these are southern or southwestern and one is
northwestern in distribution. Six other species and one subspecies
which have been collected in Mexico and the southwestern United
States and which show relationship to the known species are being
described at this time.

All types are in the DeLong collection unless otherwise desig-
nated.

Keonolla confluens (Uhler)

Proconia confluens Uhler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., P. 285, 1861.

A blunt headed species with a rather broad crown, variable
in intensity of color markings and variable in the male genital
structures. Length 6.5-7 mm.

Crown broad, blunt, about one-third wider between eyes at base
than median length.

Color varying from pale gray or brownish to black, and markings
varying in intensity. In normally well marked specimens the
crown is pale with a spot at apex posterior to which is a pair of
proximal longitudinal marks and from which a series of reflexed
arcs extends laterally on each side of median line. On the basal
half a pair of proximal, elongate, circular rings extends through the

1 Department of Zoology and Entomology, The Ohio State Uni-
versity.

2 Wash. Ent. Soc. Mem. No. 3, p. 74.

Feb., 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

ocelli. An elongate, longitudinal mark is next the eye on each
side. Pronotum mottled with pale brown. Scutellum black with
three prominent pale markings, an apical median dash and a pair
of separated, elongate basal spots. Forewings tinted with pale
brown, veins dark. Some specimens at hand are almost entirely
dark brown or black with few pale areas. Certain others have
dark forewings with a broad pale stripe along the claval vein as in
dolobrata.

Genitalia: Female seventh sternite roundedly produced forming
a blunt apex. Male genital structures variable. In typical speci-
mens the plates are elongate and tapered to blunt apices. The
styles are rather long with blunt apices. In lateral view the apical
portion of the aedeagus bears two erect processes which are about
equal in length, bent forward on the apical half and broadened just
before a constricted and pointed apex.

This is a common species in the northwestern United States on
shrubs and herbaceous plants. It commonly occurs upon certain
species of willow.

Due to variability in color and genital structures this species ap-
pears to have a great variety of mutants and is difficult to identify.
A considerable amount of biological work will probably be required
to establish species limitations in this variable complex.

Keonolla confluens surcula, n. subsp.

Resembling confluens in form and appearance but with different
genital structures. Length 6-7 mm.

Crown appearing more angularly produced than in confluens ,
about one-fourth wider between eyes at base than median length.

Color : Crown usually well marked. The pale spot at apex sur-
rounded by a black band which extends above the margin on each
side almost to eye. This band is curved basally and surrounds the
reflexed arcs. Between the ocelli on the disk is a pair of proximal
elongate “horseshoe” shaped bands with the open end basally. A
pair of elongate black spots extends the length of the eyes between
the eyes and ocelli. The anterior portion of the pronotum is
mottled with dark brown and black. Scutellum black with an
elongate pale spot on the apical half and a pair of elongate pale
lateral spots. Wings brown with white mottling.

Genitalia: Female seventh sternite with posterior margin pro-
duced, the central half appearing as a produced lobe. Male plates
long, triangular, with pointed apices. Style narrowed to inner
margin at two-thirds its length to form a pointed apex which is
curved outwardly. Aedeagus with an erect basal process and two

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LV

long erect processes on the apical half. The anterior process is
decidedly shorter than the apical process.

Holotype male, paratype male and allotype female collected at
Twin Falls, Idaho, July 22, 1938, from willow by Dr. Richard
Hofmaster.

Keonolla confluens subsp. pacifica (DeLong & Severin)

Neokolla confluens var. pacifica (DeLong & Severin), Hilgardia
19: 177-8, 1949.

Resembling confluens in size and general appearance but the
male genitalia are different. Length 6.5-7 mm.

The crown is bluntly produced as in confluens.

Color: The crown and scutellum are vividly marked with black
by an interrupted, rather broad transverse band just above the
margin of apex, and an open “horseshoe” marking either side of
middle at the base. This is a modification of the confluens color
pattern.

Genitalia : The posterior margin of the female seventh sternite
is produced to form a broad, median produced apex. The male
plates are elongate, triangular, with narrow produced apices. The
styles are gradually narrowed to a narrow apex which is truncate
with a projecting tooth on the outer apical margin. The aedeagus
has a short dorsal process at the base and has two long dorsally
directed processes, one at the apex of the ventral portion and the
other, which is a little shorter, arises at about the middle of the
ventral portion. These are quite slender in comparison to the
similar aedeagal processes of confluens and are convexly curved
on the caudal margin just before the narrow, acutely pointed tips.

A series of California specimens which are very similar in mark-
ings and genital structures has indicated that this may be a sub-
species or even a specific form closely related to confluens.

It has been collected in good numbers on Adenostoma in Los
Angeles County, California.

Keonolla luguhris (Signoret)

Tettigonia luguhris Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (3) 2:13,
1854.

Resembling confluens in form and appearance and closely related
to it. Length 6-6.5 mm.

Crown broad and bluntly angled, less than twice as wide between
eyes at base as median length.

Color varying from pale with brownish markings to almost black.

Feb., 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

In many specimens the coloration is similar to the color pattern of
confluens. The reflexed arcs just above the margin of the crown
and the dark circular rings either side of middle on the basal half
resemble the same markings in confluens. An additional marking
is a curved line extending from the ocellus, each side, basally then
toward the eye and forward to the anterior margin of the eye. The
pronotum is pale, mottled with brown. The scutellum is dark with
the median area pale. The forewing is usually marked with darker
veins except the claval suture which is light.

Genitalia : The posterior margin of the female seventh sternite
is rather broadly, roundedly produced. The male plates are long
and tapered to rather blunt, rounded apices. The styles appear
broad and rather abruptly narrowed near the apex to a pointed tip.
The ventral portion of the aedeagus is broad in lateral view with
two dorsal erect processes arising near the apex. The posterior
process is a little longer than the preceding process ; both are rather
broad with a constriction near the apex, producing narrow pointed
tips.

This is a common species in Mexico. Specimens are at hand
from Mexico City D. F., Chapingo D. F. and Chiapis. It also is
reported for the states of the southwest which border Mexico.

Keonolla uhleri (Ball)

Tettiqonia hieroglyphic a var. uhleri Ball, Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci.
8: 18, 1901.

Cicadella hieroglyphica var. inscrip ta Olsen, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer.
15: 360, 1922.

Cicadella hieroglyphica subsp. lutzi Olsen. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer.
15: 360, 1922/

Cicadella hieroglyphica subsp. harheri Olsen, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer.
15: 361, 1922.

Resembling confluens in form, general appearance and colora-
tion. The male genital structures will separate this from related
species. Length 6-6.5 mm.

Crown rather broad and bluntly angled, almost two-thirds as
long as basal width between the eyes.

Color variable, grayish green or reddish brown with a color pat-
tern similar to confluens. The reflexed arcs on the anterior margin
of the crown are conspicuous either side of median apical pale area.
The basal portion of the crown is pale with a pair of approximate
median lines, and a heavier pair extending through the ocelli, con-
verging anteriorly. The pale area between the ocelli and the eye,

Bulletin oj the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LV

either side, contains dark markings. The pronotum is pale with
darker mottling. The scutellum is dark with several pale spots.
The forewings are mottled, veins usually darker.

Genitalia: The posterior margin of the female seventh sternite
is produced on the posterior margin and rounded at apex. The
male plates are elongate, tapered and with bluntly angled apices.
The styles are narrowed on the apical third to pointed apices. The
aedeagus has two long erect processes extending dorsally from the
ventral portion. The posterior of these processes is rather uniform
in width on the apical half before being narrowed to form a pointed
tip. The anterior process is conspicuously broadened just before
the rapidly narrowed apical portion.

This is a common species in the southwestern United States and
in smaller numbers in the states just west of the Mississippi River.

Keonolla dolobrata (Ball)

Tettiqonia hieroqlyphica var. dolobrata Ball, Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci.
8:18,1901.

Typically black in color with a few pale markings and with geni-
tal structures similar to confluens. Length 6-6.5 mm.

Crown bluntly angled, about two-thirds as long at middle as basal
width between the eyes.

Color: Usually shining black with a pale band just back of black
spot on apex of crown, a median pale longitudinal band on base of
crown, a broad median longitudinal band on base of scutellum and
a pale band on claval suture of the forewing. In paler specimens
the crown and pronotum are pale with dark markings and the fore-
wings appear striate.

Genitalia: The posterior margin of the female seventh sternite
is roundedly produced. The male plates are elongate, triangular
and tapered to blunt apices. The styles are narrowed on the apical
fourth to blunt apices. The aedeagus bears two erect processes
which arise from the median ventral and apical ventral portion.
Both are rather broad and are abruptly, concavely narrowed to a
pointed tooth at apex. The posterior process is slightly longer.

This species apparently extends from the Mississippi River
through the southwestern U. S. and into the foothills of the Rocky
Mountains. It was previously misidentified for many years under
the name hieroglyphic a.

Keonolla minuenda, n. sp.

Resembling dolobrata in general form and appearance but

Fed., 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

smaller, with different color markings and with narrow aedeagal
processes. Length 4. 5-5. 5 mm.

Crown rather blunt at apex, well produced, about three-fifths as
long at middle as basal width between the eyes.

Color : Crown, pronotum and scutellum yellowish to greenish
with dark markings. There is a large black spot at apex and a pair
of longitudinal parallel bars behind the spot, on anterior portion.
These bars are on the inner margins of the blackened areas contain-
ing the reflexed arcs from front. The median longitudinal portion
of crown rather broadly pale. On the posterior portion a broad
black mark expanded both anteriorly and posteriorly extends longi-
tudinally just medially from each ocellus. A small black line extends
from each ocellus toward the eye and expands at its apex before
reaching the eye. There is a small black spot on the margin before
each eye. Pronotum with dark markings on the anterior portion.
Posterior portion darker green. Scutellum with a dark marking
on each side so as to form a pale spot in each basal angle ; a broad
basal light area and a pale spot on apex. Forewings dark green
with a pale claval suture, costal margin pale and claval area gener-
ally paler with dark claval veins.

Genitalia: Female seventh sternite rather strongly angularly
produced to a blunt apex. Male plates long, narrow, tapered to
acute apices. Aedeagal processes both pointed. The anterior
process narrowed to inner margin, the posterior process narrowed
to posterior margin.

Holotype male and allotype female collected at Huachuca Mts.,
Arizona, July 28, 1907. Male and female paratypes from Ftua-
chuca Mts., Arizona, July 20, 1937, from Santa Rita Mts., Arizona,
June 8, 1937, and from Patagonia, Arizona, September 3, 1938,
collected by D. J. and J. N. Knull.

Keonolla subrufa, n. sp.

Resembling dolobrata in general form but without dark color
markings on crown and with distinct male genitalia. Length 6-6.5
mm.

Crown produced, blunt, about two-thirds as long at middle as
basal width between the eyes.

Color : Rusty brown, crown with a black spot at apex. Ocelli
black, a black line extending anteriorly from each ocellus to meet
a curved line extending from front to disk. A small black dash
just inside each ocellus. Pronotum with posterior portion darker.
Scutellum with dark markings, forming several paler areas. Fore-
wings dark brownish mottled with paler areas.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LV

Genitalia: Female seventh sternite strongly produced on poste-
rior margin. Male plates long, triangularly produced, tapered to
acute tips. The pygofer bears a short spine at the caudal terminus
of the dorsal margin. The two aedeagal processes are narrow and
pointed at their apices ; the posterior process is much longer than
the anterior process.

Holotype male and paratype male collected at St. George, Utah,
August 8, 1936, by E. W. Davis. Allotype female and male para-
types collected at Tucson, Arizona, September 29, 1929, by E. D.
Ball. Male and female paratypes with typical markings are from
Mexico City D. F., Mexico, September 13, 1939, D. M. DeLong,
collector and from Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico, October 21, 1941.
Others are from: Carapan, Michoacan, Mexico, October 2, 1941,
Cordoba, Veracruz, Mexico, October 8, 1941, and Tres Cumbres,
Morelos, Mexico, October 21, 1941, all collected by DeLong, Good,
Caldwell and Plummer.

Keonolla subrufa signara n. subsp.

Resembling subrufa in structural characters but with distinct
color markings. Length 6-6.5 mm.

Crown strongly produced, more than two-thirds as long at middle
as basal width between the eyes.

Color : Crown reddish brown with a black spot at apex. A
median pale stripe, bordered with black, extending from each side
of apex to the black suture which extends forward from each
ocellus. A median white stripe bordered by black extends forward
from base two-thirds the length of the crown and terminates in a
white cross band which extends between the two diagonal stripes.
The pronotum and forewings are reddish brown mottled with small
white spots. Scutellum black with pale markings.

Genital structures of both sexes similar to those of subrufa.

Holotype male, allotype female and male and female paratypes
collected at Mazacian, Guerrero, Mexico, October 3, 1945, by De-
Long, Balock and Hershberger. Paratypes from Mexico City,
D. F. (Toluca Rd.), September 26, 1945, from Rio Tuxpan,
Michoacan, Mexico, September 9, 1929, from Cuernavaca, Morelos,
Mexico, September 25, 1945, all collected by DeLong, Plummer,
Hershberger and Elliott, and also from Acapulca Rd., Mexico,
November 22, 1938, collected by J. S. Caldwell.

This series of specimens is distinctly marked and is easily sepa-
rated by color from the specimens of typical subrufa.

Keonolla torqua, n. sp.

Resembling dolobrata in general appearance but with a more

Feb., 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

produced head and with distinct genitalia. Length male 5.25 mm;
female 5.75 mm.

Crown produced and bluntly angled, a little wider between eyes
at base than median length.

Color : Crown pale with a black spot at apex. A circular black
ring on each side extends across margin to front and encloses a
paler area. A pair of slender black longitudinal lines touches the
ocelli and extends to base. A pair of short longitudinal black bars
on basal half between ocelli. A dark spot next inner margin of
each eye. Pronotum pale with dark markings. A black area
near lateral margin just back of each eye. Disk usually pale with
irregular dark markings either side. Scutellum pale, basal angles
black and a pair of dark parenthesis marks longitudinally connected
by a transverse line at middle. Forewings tinted with reddish
brown, claval vein paler, black pigment areas from apex of scutel-
lum to disk forming an oblique marking. Females darker in color.

Genitalia: Female seventh sternite bluntly, angularly produced
on posterior margin. Male plates long and very narrow on apical
half. Styles short, slender, apex blunt. Aedeagus with the two
caudal erect processes narrowed on apical third. The posterior
process longer, the anterior process bent caudally on apical third.

Holotype male collected at Mexico City, D. F., Mexico, Sep-
tember 13, 1939 by D. M. DeLong. Allotype female and male and
female papartypes collected at Laguna de Zempoala, Morelos, Mex-
ico, October 21, 1945, by DeLong, Plummer, Hershberger and
Elliott. Male and female paratypes from Rio Frio, D. F., Mexico,
October 7, 1941, and Cuernavaca, Mor., Mexico, October 21, 1941,
collected by DeLong, Caldwell, Good and Plummer and from
Desierto de los Leones, D. F., Mexico, October 9, 1945, collected
by DeLong, Elliott and Hershberger.

Keonolla curta, n. sp.

Resembling dolobrata in general form with different color mark-
ings and male genital structures. Length male 5.25 mm., female
6.5 mm.

Crown broad and bluntly produced, almost rounded, about three-
fourths as long at middle as basal width between the eyes.

Color: Crown pale with dark markings. A black spot at apex
and a black diagonal band extending from apex, half way to eye
just above margin on either side. A pair of broad longitudinal
dark bands extends from base through ocelli, converges and unites a
little posterior to apex. A pair of slender, proximal longitudinal
lines is between these on basal half. There is a pale brownish

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

blotch next each eye. Pronotum with disk and posterior portion
dark, anterior area pale with light brownish spots. Scutellum ap-
pearing black except for two proximal circular areas just back of
margin of pronotum, each containing a black central spot. Fore-
wings dark with pale mottling.

Genitalia: Female seventh sternite with posterior margin angu-
larly produced. Male plates long and slender, styles narrowed on
apical half to pointed tips. Aedeagus short with two short erect
processes on caudal portion. The basal portion has a pair of
rather long, narrow, erect processes between which is a median,
broader erect portion expanded at the base and tapered to form a
narrow elongation on the dorsal third, caudad of the anterior pair.

The pygofers have long, narrow, dorsal spines which extend to
two-thirds the length of the pygofers.

Holotype male collected at Rio Frio, D. F., Mexico, Km. 65,
October 10, 1945, by DeLong, Hershberger and Elliott. Allotype
female and paratype males and females collected as follows : Tux-
pan, Michoacan, Km. 186, October 5, 1941, by DeLong, Plummer,
Caldwell and Good; Tres Cumbres, Morelos, Mexico, October 21,
1941 ; Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico, October 21, 1941 ; Urapan,
Michoacan, Mexico, October 1, 1941 ; Carapan, Michoacan, Mex-
ico, October 2, 1941, all collected by DeLong, Good, Caldwell and
Plummer; Zimipan, Hidalgo, Mexico, September 21, 1941 col-
lected by Good, Caldwell and DeLong.

Keonolla gemmella, n. sp.

Resembling curta in form and general appearance but with dif-
ferent color markings and distinct male genitalia. Length male 5.5
mm. female 6 mm.

Crown angularly produced, one-third wider between eyes at base
than median length.

Color: Crown yellow with a black spot at apex, a median spot
just back of this and a pair of diagonal stripes extending halfway
to eye on each side just above margin. These oblique stripes are
connected to each ocellus by a narrow black line. A black, ovate,
elongate ring occupies the basal three fifths of the crown on each
side of middle. Pronotum with disk and basal portion green, the
anterior and lateral margins yellowish, entire pronotum mottled
with black. Scutellum yellow, basal angles black, a curved black
line on each side extending from the base to apex. These are
joined at each end and by a transverse black line across middle.
Forewings green with dark veins, claval suture paler.

Genitalia: Female seventh sternite with posterior margin angu-

Feb., 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

DeLong and Currie

Plate I

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol LV

DeLong and Currie

Plate II

Feio., 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

larly produced. Male plates long, tapered to pointed apices. Styles
curved inwardly with apices pointed outwardly. Aedeagus with
two erect processes on the caudal portion. The posterior of these
is heavier and the anterior is more narrowed. The basal portion
bears an erect process which is broader and longer. There is a
heavy spine on each side on the dorsal portion of the pygofer which
extends almost to the posterior margin of the pygofer.

Holotype male and allotype female collected at Cuernavaca,
Morelos, Mexico, K-57, October 21, 1941, by DeLong, Plummer,
Good and Caldwell. Paratype male collected at Laguna de Zem-
poala, Morelos, Mexico, October 21, 1945, by DeLong, Plummer,
Hershberger and Elliott.

Keonolla spinosa, n. sp.

Resembling curta in form and general appearance but with dif-
ferent genitalia. Length male 5.25, female 5.5 mm.

Crown produced and bluntly angled, a little wider between eyes
at base than median length.

Color: Crown pale, mottled with pale brown. A black spot at
apex. A pair of oblique lines extends from near apex above margin
half way to eye on either side. A pair of dark spots anterior to
middle between and proximal to the oblique lines. Pronotum paler
on anterior and lateral margins, mottled with reddish brown. Scu-
tellum marked as in curta with the two proximal spots just posterior
to pronotum. Forewings brownish with darker brown areas.

Genitalia: Female seventh sternite with the posterior margin
angularly produced. Male plates long, tapered to blunt apices.
Styles narrowed from base to blunt tips. Aedeagus with a central
portion and with three slender erect processes arising from the
base. One is anterior, the other two are caudal and seem to arise
together from the base. The anterior of these two is longer and
straight, the posterior process is broader near the base and is
curved anteriorly at the apex. The pygofer on each side bears a
long dorsal spine which extends almost to the posterior margin of
the pygofer.

Holotype male and paratype male collected at Rio Frio, D. F.,
Mexico, Km. 65, October 10, 1945, by DeLong, Hershberger and
Elliott. Allotype female and male and female paratypes collected
at Mexico City, D. F., Mexico, September 1, 1959, by D. M. De-
Long. Paratype females from Zimipan, Hidalgo, Mexico, Septem-
ber 26, 1941 , by DeLong, Good and Caldwell.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LV

SOME MEXICAN AND COSTA RICAN MAYFLIES

By Jay R. Traver, Amherst, Mass.1

The first part of this series appeared in the October, 1958, issue
of The Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society.

Campsurus cuspidatus Eaton

Campsurus cuspidatus Eaton, 1871, Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1871 :

58, PI. 3, fig. 12. Eaton, 1883, Revisional Monograph: 40,

PI. 5, fig. 8. Ulmer, 1942, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 103: 113-114, figs.

19 and 20.

Three male and two female specimens of a species of Campsurus
which is probably C. cuspidatus were taken at Palitla, San Luis
Potosi, Mexico, on Dec. 19, 1940 (A. Carr). These were sent to
me by Dr. Lewis Berner to whom one male and one female spec-
imen have been returned, the others remaining in my personal col-
lection. Only males of this species have hitherto been known.
Eaton’s very brief description is as follows: “Imago (dried), J1.
Pronotum mouse-grey, tinged slightly with greenish. Abdomen
smoky- white above, yellowish- white beneath. Wings transparent,
whitish throughout. Length of body 10.5, wing 11 mm. Hab.
Guatemala (De Selys-Longchamps Mus.). This species is easily
recognizable by the cuspidate outline of the subgenital plate”.
Since Ulmer’s more detailed redescription (1942) does not coincide
in all points with the Mexican form, it seems well to present a
short account of the latter. Differences in coloration may be due to
the manner in which the specimens have been preserved, those from
Mexico being in alcohol. However, the mode of preservation
does not affect venational features, such as the position of MP2 of
the fore wing in relation to CuA. Of the type specimens, Ulmer
says : “M2 scheint aus Cui zu entspringen”, etc. This feature is
shown in his Fig. 19a. Venation of the hind wings corresponds
well with Ulmer’s figure, but in only one of the ten wings of the
Mexican forms does MP2 of the fore wing seem to arise from CuA
basally. Rather, in nine of these wings MP2 ends parallel to CuA,
slightly nearer to CuA than to the MP intercalary, connected by
cross veins to each of these. In this respect, the Mexican specimens
resemble latipennis Walker, while in the type specimens this feature
is similar to albifilum Walker, as shown in Ulmer’s figure. As
Traver has indicated (1947), the relationship between MP2 and
CuA is not as constant within a species as Needham and Murphy

1 University of Massachusetts.

Feb., 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

(1924) believed it to be, nor is this feature always correlated with
presence or absence of a prothoracic hump. Such a hump is present
in the types of cuspidatus , presumably (Ulmer says: “Pronotum
sehr verlangert”) , likewise in the Mexican specimens.

Male imago (Mexico) : Body 10-10.5 mm.; fore wing 11 mm.
Head purplish black above ; eyes black ; ocelli ivory white, bases
black ; basal segments of antenna yellowish with considerable gray-
ish shading, filament pale.

Pronotal hump extends over posterior margin of head. Pro-
notum grayish in mid-area, median line narrowly darker; yellow
laterally in posterior half, this area partially divided by a narrow
dark submedian line ; narrow blackish lines along lateral margin of
hump and laterad of the yellow area; two dark transverse dashes
on posterior margin, one each side of median line. Anterior margin
of prosternum brownish. Meso- and metanota yellowish brown,
joinings of sclerites narrowly brownish; some gray shading just
anterior to mesonotal scutellum. Two oblique brown streaks ante-
rior to fore wing, on pleura; antero-lateral margin of mesonotum
brown. Pleura and sternum concolorous with mesonotum.

Fore legs grayish above, purplish streak at base; femur paler
ventrally except at margins, yellowish area near base ; black spot at
base of tibia; tarsal joinings pale.

Wings white. In fore wing, humeral cross vein, C, Sc and R
purplish brown, these longitudinals somewhat paler distally; other
longitudinals as far as MP2 faintly colored ; other veins pale. In
hind wing, humeral cross vein and basal third of Sc purplish brown.
Venation as in Fig. 1.

Background of abdominal tergites yellow, apicals tinged with
orange; pale median line. Gray submedian streak on each middle
tergite, rather irregular ; continued posteriorly on 3 and 4 at right
angles toward pleural fold, on 5-8 extending obliquely toward
antero-lateral angle ; in angle between oblique and submedian
streaks a pale oval area enclosing a gray spot. On tergites 1 and 2
a gray somewhat triangular blotch each side of median line. Poste-
rior margins of 9 and 10 narrowly dark brown, dark submedian
lines on each ; narrow dark dashes on 8 along pleural fold. Stern-
ites pale yellow: lateral patches deeper yellow; ganglionic areas
whitish. Tails white. Genitalia pale yellow; see Figs. 3, 6, 7 and
9 for shape of these in different aspects.

Female imago: Body 11 mm.; fore wing 15 mm. Head and
thorax much as in male. Fore legs darker in color, blackish brown.
Fore wing with veins more conspicuous because darker in color;
costal margin definitely tinged with purplish brown; both longi-

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LV

tudinal and cross veins as far back as CuA brownish basally and in
disc of wing, paler toward outer margin; hind wing much as in
male. Abdomen deep yellow except that apical tergites are pale
reddish brown. Tergites quite widely black on posterior margins,
less pronounced on 1 and 2 which are heavily shaded with dark
gray in middle area, leaving paler lateral portions and a pale trans-
verse streak surrounded by gray on tergite 2. Pale median line
faintly indicated on middle tergites. Sternites unmarked ; subanal
plate narrowly black on apical margin. Tails whitish.

Dr. Berner says of the area in which these Mexican specimens
were collected : “Five miles north of Tomazunchale at Palitla, San
Luis Potosi. A small swift to moderate clear stream with a rock
strewn bottom. Abundant green filamentous algae. Mayflies
abundant in swift reaches. Stream flowing through tropical ter-
rain; ferns, orchids, bromeliads, vines abundant”.

Traverella presidiana (Traver)

Thraulus presidianus Traver, 1934, J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc.
50: 199-200. Traver, 1935, In Biology of Mayflies: 555; figs.
146 and 147.

Traverella presidiana (Traver), Edmunds, 1948, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Wash. 61 : 143.

Two male imagos and one female imago of the genus Traverella
are among specimens sent to me by Dr. Berner. Although there
are certain minor differences between these males and the holotype
of the above species, I believe that these three specimens should be
placed in presidiana. T. presidiana was described from a single
male taken at Presidio, Texas, the specimen lacking both middle
and hind legs as well as genital forceps. The female has not been
described. Additional notes on this species are therefore desirable.
It will be noted by comparison of the new figure of the genitalia
with that of the holotype given in Biology of Mayflies that the
slender processes dependent from the penes were evidently distorted
in the holotype specimen; in both of the recently acquired males
these processes are straight, not S-shaped. Additional notes are
drawn from these two males.

Cross veins in fore wing of male somewhat more numerous than
in the holotype, especially in the apical portion; here also are 10-12
very faint costal cross veins before the bulla, not indicated for the
holotype. A comparison of Fig. 4 of this paper with Fig. 147 in
Biology of Mayflies shows that more cross veins are present in the
hind wing also, although the number and arrangement of these
varies somewhat in the wings of the two Mexican males. A slight

Feb., 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

sexual dimorphism in the hind wing is seen here, as indicated in
Figs. 4 and 5 ; wing of female longer and relatively narrower, the
stem of Rs much shorter than in male, area beyond fork longer and
narrower. A similar dimorphism occurs in T. ehrhardti but is not
noticeable in T. alhertana.

Male imago: Body 7 mm.; fore wing 8 mm.; fore leg 8 mm.
Upper portion of eyes large, oval to round, contiguous apically,
deep orange in color, concealing most of head and part of pronotum.
Thorax rather dark reddish brown. Black lateral and posterior
margins on pronotum ; black submedian streaks. Mesonotal shield
outlined in black ; pale median and submedian lines ; scutellum like-
wise black-margined but not itself black. Black lines above bases
of middle and hind legs. Basal segments of all legs dark reddish
brown. All femora light yellowish to reddish brown, with rather
wide blackish median and apical bands which are least well defined
on the fore femur and most prominent on the third. Fore tibia
very pale reddish brown, knee darker ; second and third tibiae
yellowish, knees faintly brown-shaded. All tarsi pale yellowish.
Fore tarsal segments range in order of length as 1, 5, 4, 3, the
latter subequal to 2. Basal portion of forewing red-tinged ; longi-
tudinal veins pale amber, deeper in color near base, more distinct
than cross veins ; stigmatic areas of costal and subcostal spaces with
fine granulations. Hind wing very faintly red-tinged at extreme
base only ; C, Sc and Rx amber from base to costal angulation, like-
wise cross veins in this area. Middle abdominal segments pale
yellowish, translucent, venter slightly deeper yellow than dorsum ;
apical segments opaque, reddish brown. Tergite 1 dark gray, like-
wise posterior half of 2 ; posterior ^4 of tergites 6 and 7 paler gray.
All tergites narrowly dark gray on posterior margins. Pale mid-
dorsal streak on all tergites. Anterior margin of tergite 8 narrowly
pale. Small grayish spots or blotches on tergites 3-7 above pleural
fold, seeming to extend upward and forward from dark posterior
margins ; faint on 3 and 4, more pronounced on 5-7. Pleural fold
margined with reddish brown. Ganglionic area pale; joinings of
sternites likewise pale. Forceps whitish; basal joint narrowed near
middle, somewhat bowed at this point; apical joint narrower than
second. Genitalia as in Figs. 2 and 8. Tails yellowish white, nar-
rowly ringed with reddish in basal portions.

Female imago: Body 7 mm. ; fore wing 8 mm. Head yellowish;
oblique brown band on vertex extending from middle ocellus to
bases of lateral ocelli. Pronotum marbled with blackish, these
markings consisting of an oblique submedian streak from poste-
rior margin to end of a dark band halfway between mid-line and

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

lateral margin, and dark areas along anterior border ; lateral,
postero-lateral and middle of posterior margin narrowly edged with
black. Large pale area on pleura anterior to fore wing base.
Wings, legs and remainder of thorax essentially as in male. Abdo-
men very similar to that of male except for grayish shading occupy-
ing most of median area of each tergite, leaving the following areas
pale : wide band above pleural fold ; antero- and postero-lateral
triangles ; anterior margins of middle tergites ; and mid-dorsal line.
On middle tergites, this median pale line is widened into a triangle
with base on anterior margin ; on all tergites, bounded by grayish
submedian streaks. Subanal plate shaded with reddish brown, its
apical margin not as deeply notched medially as in the female of
albertana McD. ; indeed, the emargination is so slight as to be barely
noticeable. This female specimen I designate as the allotype of
the species.

Male and female specimens, as described above, taken at Rio
Guayalejo, Tamaulipas Province, Mexico, Dec. 22, 1939, by Dr.
Lewis Berner. One male in collection of L. Berner ; other male
and female in private collection of J. R. Traver.

Of the locality in which the specimens were collected, Dr. Berner
writes: “Guayalejo River . . . near village of Magiscatzin where
river crosses Tampico road. Broad (200-300 feet), deep. Slowly
flowing in deeper areas . . . Upstream Sa mile, river widens and be-
comes shallow to form rapids ; here are many large rocks. . . .
Mayflies here were extremely abundant.”

Traverella primana (Eaton)

Thraulus primanus Eaton, 1892, Ephemeridae in Biologia Centrali-
Americana 38: 7, fig. 7. Kimmins, 1934, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
Ser. 10, 14: 342, fig. 5. Travers, 1947, Rev. de Entomologia
18(1,2): 149-150, figs. 2-4.

Traverella primanus (Eaton), Edmunds, 1950, Rev. de Entomo-
logia 21(3) : 551, figs, 2a, 2b.

Eaton has three specimens from Mexico: two males from Vera
Cruz, and a female doubtfully referred to the same species from

Explanation of Plate

Fig. 1, Campsurus cuspidatus, wings, male. Fig. 2, Traverella
presidiana, penes, enlarged. Figs. 3, 6, 7 and 9, Campsurus cuspi-
datus, different views of male genitalia. Fig. 4, Traverella presidi-
ana, hind wing, male. Fig. 5, same, hind wing, female. Fig. 8,
same, male genitalia. Fig. 10, Traverella primana, wings.

Feb., 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Traver

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LV

Tabasco. He figured the hind wings of one male and of one female.
Kimmins selected one of Eaton’s males as the type, added a few
notes on the species, and figured the subanal plate of the female.
Edmunds published figures of fore and hind wings of the type male,
from sketches prepared for him by Kimmins. Traver had four males
from Costa Rica which were referred to primana; these showed
some slight differences in size and coloration from Eaton’s descrip-
tion ; hind wing and genitalia were figured. A comparison of the
wings of these Costa Rican specimens with the figures of the type
male indicates that the former do not differ materially from the
latter. It is therefore very probable that the Costa Rican specimens
are primana, and that the figures of the genitalia published for these
specimens should be considered representative of the species, unless
and until other specimens are collected which seem closer to Eaton’s
description. Fig. 10 shows venation of fore and hind wings of one
of these Costa Rican males for comparison with Edmunds’ figures
of the type.

References

Eaton, A. E. 1871. A monograph on the Ephemeridae.
Trans. Ent. Soc. London: 1-158, pis. 1-6.

— 1883-1888. A revisional monograph of recent

Ephemeridae or mayflies. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Sec.
Ser. 3, Zoology : 1-352, 65 pi.

1892. Ephemeridae in Biologia Centrali-Americana

38: 1-17, 1 pi.

Edmunds, G. F. Jr. 1948 A new genus of mayflies from
western North America (Leptophlebiinae). Proc. Biol.
Soc. Washington 61 : 141-148, 2 pis.

1950. Notes on Neotropical Ephemeroptera I. New

and little known Leptophlebiidae. Rev. de Entomologia
21(3): 551-554, 1 pi.

Kimmins, D. E. 1934. Notes on the Ephemeroptera of the
Godman and Salvin Collection, with descriptions of two
new species. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 10, 14: 338-353,
17 figs.

Needham, James G. and Helen E. Murphy. 1924. Neo-
tropical mayflies. Bui. Lloyd Lib. 24, Ent. Ser. 4: 1-79,
13 pis.

Traver, Jay R. 1934. New North American species of may-
flies (Ephemerida) . J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 50: 189—
254, 1 pi.

1935. In The biology of mayflies, by Needham,

Feb., 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

J. G., J. R. Traver and Y. C. Hsu. Comstock Pub. Co.,
Ithaca, N. Y., xiv and 759 pages.

1947. Notes on Neotropical mayflies. Part II.

Family Baetidae, subfamily Leptophlebiinae. Rev. de
Entomologia 18(1, 2) : 149-160, 1 pi.

Ulmer, G. 1942. Alte und neue Eintagsfliegen (Ephemerop-
teren) aus Slid- und Mittelamerika. Stett. Ent. Zeit. 103:
98-128, 3 pis.

Erratum

The name of one species of Leptohypes occurring north of the
Amazon River was inadvertently omitted from the summary of the
previous part of this series. This species is L. mithras Traver
(1958, Ann. Ent. Soc. America 51 : 497). Recognition characters
are as follows: Head and thorax reddish brown, purplish brown
bands on abdominal tergites ; fore claws of male similar, blunt;
tails yellowish ; wings with relatively few cross veins ; hind wings
present in both sexes ; no membranous processes from scutellum.

Nemotelus communis Hanson on Goldenrod. — Small black
Stratiomyidae flies of the genus Nemotelus were present by the
thousands, on a blossoming goldenrod patch about one rod by 2
rods in size, a few miles east of Duchesne, Utah, on June 29, 1954.
Often 5 to 12 were present per inflorescence. Several thousand
specimens were collected, sometimes at the rate of about 200 to 400
per sweep before the flies became disturbed. By the time I emptied
the insect net, several thousand specimens again had settled down
on the blossoms. Wilford J. Hanson (University of Kansas,
Science Bulletin 38: 1376-1377) used part of this series (holotype
male, allotype female and 30 males and 30 females as paratypes)
to describe the species. Checking of this same goldenrod patch
during subsequent years, at full-bloom growth stage and at other
times, has yielded only occasional specimens, or usually none at all.
— George F. Knowlton, Logan, Utah.

Vol. LV

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

TWO GENERIC SYNONYMS IN THE
SIPHLONURIDAE (EPHEMEROPTERA)

By George F. Edmunds, Jr. : University of Utah1

The generic name Andromina was proposed by L. Navas (1912,
Rev. Russ. Ent., 12: 416) for the single species A. grisea Navas,
known presumably from one specimen from “Okeanskaja,” near
Vladivostok in Siberia, July 29, 1910, Berger. The identity of this
form never has been established by subsequent workers. At my
request, Dr. Olga Tshernova kindly examined the type specimen
in the Zoological Institute at Leningrad to determine its identity.
She has written that the specimen is a subimago female with one
hind leg only. The subimaginal pellicle has pulled away from the
contained imago giving the grey color suggested by the name. The
specimen has wing venation typical of Siphlonurus and ventral U-
shaped markings on the sternites can be seen through the cuticle.
Such markings are found commonly on Palearctic species of this
genus.

Hence, the generic name Andromina must fall as a synonym of
Siphlonurus with the new combination Siphlonurus griseus of
doubtful validity. Further study of the type and comparison with
fresh material from the type locality possibly may lead to the ident-
ity of this species.

The generic name Chimura was established by L. Navas (1915,
Ent. Mitteilungen 4: 149-150) for the species C. aetherea Navas
from Kyoto, Japan, June 4, 1908, de Guerne. The type specimen
in the Navas collection has not been located for study, but from the
description and drawings of the cubital and stigmatic area of the
forewing and the male genitalia, it is apparent that aetherea is a
valid species in the genus Ameletus. The figures of the male geni-
talia resemble those of the species A. validus McDunnough found
on the American Pacific Coast region from California to Alaska.
Apparently it was the practice of Navas to make his drawings free-
hand and without the aid of microscope slide preparations. The
quality of his drawings varies greatly, so no great reliance can be
placed on them. But the close concurrence of the drawings with
the same structures in Ameletus , especially A. validus , demands
that the generic name Chimura be placed as a synonym of Amele-
tus, with the new combination Ameletus aetherea (Navas) as a
valid name.

1 The research on which this paper is based was supported by a
grant-in-aid from the National Science Foundation (NSF G-4995).

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The Brooklyn Entomological Society

Meetings are held on the second Wednesday of each month from October to
May, inclusive, at the Engineers’ Club, 117 Remsen Street, Brooklyn 2.
N. Y. The annual dues are $2.00.

OFFICERS 1958-59
Honorary President
R. R. McELVARE
President

HUBERT J. THELEN

Vice President
CASIMIR REDJIVES

Secretary

ANNA FLAHERTY

T reasurer

R. R. McELVARE
P. O. Box 386
Southern Pines
North Carolina

CONTENTS

A CASE OF HYBRIDIZATION IN PLECOPTERA,
Hanson 25

MISPLACED CAPTIONS ON SEITZ’ NOCTUID
PLATE, McElvare 34

MANIPULATION OF SPECIMENS ON SLIDES, Savos 35

MINORISSA ALATA AND ATRACTOMORPHA CON-
GENSIS (ORTHOP. : PYRGOMORPHIDAE), Kevan 36

NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF XYSTODESMID

MILLIPED FROM TENNESSEE, Keeton 42

BLACKFLIES OF DELAWARE. PART I. RECORD
OF DELAWARE SPECIES, Sutherland and Darsie ... 46

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the Treasurer, manuscripts and other communications to the editor, JOHN F.
HANSON, Fernald Hall, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass.

BULLETIN

OF THE

BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Vol. LV APRIL, 1960 No. 2

A CASE OF HYBRIDIZATION IN PLECOPTERA1

By John F. Hanson, Amherst, Mass.

In a paper published in 1942 I commented on the difficulty of
distinguishing the females of two closely related species, Allocapnia
maria Hanson and A. minima (Newport), from each other. Al-
though the greater percentage of the females can be securely identi-
fied, a small number from nearly every collection is troublesome.
It is comforting to note that I am not alone in my dilemma; the
insects themselves seem to be having some difficulty with discrimi-
nation. Since hybridization has probably not been detected pre-
viously in Plecoptera, the present case is worthy of note.

Before discussing the hybrid forms, it is first necessary to show
that two distinct species are indeed involved. Even though maria
and minima may possibly vary structurally in different parts of
their geographic ranges, the two species are so distinct in the male
sex that any series of specimens may serve to illustrate their basic
differences. Nonetheless, for the following presentation of species
differences, care was taken to minimize the chances of including
hybrids by selecting specimens from streams in which only one or
the other species was taken. A dozen males of maria from Fort
River in Amherst, Massachusetts, and an equal number of males
of minima from the Connecticut River in Sunderland (near Am-
herst) were used. Any structural differences which occur could
hardly be interpreted as geographic or altitudinal in origin since the
specimens were collected within a radius of five miles and at a single
altitude. Ecological differences, however, do exist between Fort
River and the Connecticut River and could possibly affect some
structures.

1 Contribution No. 1333 from the entomological laboratory of the
University of Massachusetts. Supported by NIH Grant E-1442-
(C3), U. S. Public Health Service.

MW ITHSON IAN if

*®rrrunoN J1

1*9

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Hanson Plate I

Fig. 1 Allocaynia minima <?

Explanation of Plates I and II

Fig. 1, Allocapnia minima male terminalia, lateral view. Fig. 2,
A. maria male terminalia, lateral view. Figs. 3, 4, 5, A. minimax
maria hybrids, showing different degrees of intermediacy.

April, 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 27

Hanson Plate II

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Though the females of maria and minima are distinguishable
only by a single genital character, the males show marked differences
in their terminalia and exhibit some wing length differences, too.
The dissimilarities in the terminalia (Figs. 1 and 2) involve: (1)
presence versus absence of a dorsal process on the seventh abdomi-
nal segment, (2) shape and direction of the dorsal process on
the eighth abdominal segment, (3) length of the dorsal arm of the
supraanal process, and (4) appearance of the distal dorsal surface
of the latter.

The wings of minima seem, in general, to be longer than those
of maria. A slight difference is exhibited even in the Sawyerville,
Quebec, habitat where the interspecific difference could possibly
have been significantly reduced by introgression (Fig. 6). A much
greater interspecific difference exists between two local populations
in Amherst and Sunderland, Massachusetts (Fig. 7) , but this could
well have been produced by ecological differences between the two
sites rather than by genetic differences between the two species.
Certainly, ecological or geographic differences have a considerable
effect on wing length. This is shown by a comparison of the fore
wings of specimens of minima from Sunderland, with those of the
same species from Worthington, Massachusetts (Fig. 8). Such
great infraspecific variability of wing length renders this feature
practically useless for distinguishing the two species, even if a
genetically based difference could be demonstrated.

The fact that maria and minima exist sympatrically in New Eng-
land and eastern Canada without losing their individual identities
is additional convincing evidence of their separate species status.

Collection data indicate that a difference also exists between the
two species in their ecological requirements, as would be expected.
Even though very frequently both species are taken at the same
stream, only rarely are both abundant at any given stream (Fig.
10).

It appears then that the species status of Allocapnia maria and
of A. minima is quite as secure as the taxonomic status of any other
Plecoptera.

Hybrid Specimens

If Allocapnia maria and minima are as distinct from each other
as I have indicated, then it would seem reasonable that hybrid speci-
mens should be recognized easily. This is indeed true of some of
the specimens ; they are distinctly intermediate in several charac-
teristics. However, since the hybrids form a graded series between

April, 1960

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 29

the two parent species, and there are thus some specimens exhibit-
ing only minor differences from one or the other of the parent
species, it is often difficult to know whether a specimen is at the
fringes of normal variation of one of the species concerned or a
hybrid product of them. I have, therefore, divided the following
treatment into two sections. Specimens that seem undeniably to
be hybrids are discussed first.

In the single stream in which both maria and minima were found
coexisting in abundance (Sawyerville, Quebec), 10 male specimens
provided a graded series between these two distinct species. In
Figures 3, 4, and 5, illustrating three of the intergrades, it will be
seen that several characteristics are affected by the presumed inter-
specific mating. The specimen shown in Figure 3, for example,
which has been only slightly “tainted” by maria “blood” exhibits
( 1 ) the development of a tiny protuberance on abdominal segment
seven, (2) a broadening of the eighth abdominal tergal process, (3)
a greater tendency of this process to project upward than is typical
of minima, and (4) a lengthening of the dorsal arm of the supraanal
process. Figures 4 and 5 show other cases of hybridization in
which not only the above-mentioned characters appear successively
more strongly influenced by maria but the dorsal surface of the tip
of the supraanal process is modified, approaching the condition in
maria. The length of the supraanal process, being well suited to
measurement, has been used in Figure 9 to illustrate graphically the
intermediacy of the hybrid specimens. In most of the specimens
all of the characters mentioned are similarly clearly intermediate
between the two parent species.

Because of the great variability in wing length in the parent
species and the small number of hybrid specimens available for
study, no conclusion as to the effect of hybridization on wing length
is justified (Fig. 8) .

Since both parent species have been abundantly collected in the
Northeast, and yet the intermediates described above have been
discovered only once, it would appear that hybridization is rather
rare. Since the two species are sympatric and simultaneously
present as adults, geographical or temporal factors can probably
not provide important isolational mechanisms. On the contrary,
the fact that the two species are rarely found simultaneously abun-
dant in a single stream indicates that ecological isolation is probably
very important. This interpretation is strengthened by the ap-
parent lack of any deterrent to hybridization in the single stream
where both species were found abundantly. In this instance 10 out
of 52 males collected were hybrids. Further evidence of the im-

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LV

April, 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 31

Fig. 7. FORE WINGS OF A. MINIMA FROM SUNDERLAND
AND A. MARIA FROM AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS

maria

minima

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

April, 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 33

portance of ecological isolation exists in the results of the study
presented immediately below.

Introgressive Hybridization

In addition to the 10 specimens quite confidently placed as hy-
brids because of several intermediate characteristics, there are many
more specimens which cannot be so confidently placed but yet do
present some very interesting features. Particularly in Allocapnia
minima there are many males that, although they are readily identi-
fied as minima, seem to have dipped into the maria gene pool. This
is detectable in only one structure, a process on the seventh abdomi-
nal tergite which is normally and conspicuously present in maria
(Fig. 2) but not in minima. The fact that specimens of minima
bearing such a process (much smaller than in maria) have been
taken wherever minima has been collected, whereas the multiple-
character hybrids have been taken only once, undoubtedly has some
significance.

It is possible that the rare multiple-character hybrids are an FI
generation. If these are viable, then introgressive hybridization is
possible, and with the ecological barrier thus destroyed or mini-
mized, characteristics of maria could spread extensively through the
minima population.

No. of males
A. maria

No. of males

No. with 7th §
terg. process g*

°/o with 7th
terg. process

Sunderland, Mass.

20%

Coventry, Vermont

St. Gerard, Quebec

Stanstead, Quebec

131

St. Malo, Quebec

Worthington, Mass.

So. Ashfield, Mass.

Sawyerville, Quebec

Fig. 10. Seventh tergite process versus relative abundances of
A. minima and A. maria.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LV

With such introgressive hybridization, one would expect to find
that the greater the relative abundance of maria in a given habitat,
the greater the frequency of occurrence in minima of the process
of the seventh tergite. Such a relationship is detectable, as can be
seen in Figure 10, even though the numbers of specimens available
for study are inadequate for precise reliability. Only presence or
absence of the process is indicated in Figure 10. Its size, also, pro-
vides evidence of a correlation of this structure with the relative
abundance of the two parent species. In streams where maria has
been taken in extremely low numbers, or not at all, the 7th tergite
process of minima appears as a tiny lump, the detection of which
requires over 100 power magnification. The frequent presence of
such a small lump amongst specimens of minima from habitats
where maria has not been taken is cause for some concern. How-
ever, probably maria will be found to be present in these habitats
when more extensive collecting is done.

Acknowledgments

I wish to express my appreciation to Mr. E. W. Smith for the
fine drawings, to Drs. C. J. Gilgut and W. D. Tunis for their critical
reading of the manuscript and to Miss Eleanor Graves for doing the
typing and taking care of other mechanical details.

Misplaced Captions on Seitz’ Noctuid Plate. — In Seitz’ Ma-
crolepidoptera, Vol. VII, Plate 49 (Schinia-Acidaliodes) Line e,
the species names, beginning with ferricasta* are misplaced, as
printed.

Each name should move one place to the right to match the cor-
rect illustration. The name ferricasta is under an illustration of
the melanic female of arcifera.** It belongs one place to the right,
replacing limhalis. Similarly, limbalis should replace olivacea; oli-
vacea should replace spinosae, spinosae replacing camina. Camina
is then left without an illustration but this does not matter as it is
a synonym of spinosae.

As several of the species are not commonly available in collec-
tions for comparison, dependence on these illustrations as captioned
would result in incorrect determinations. — Rowland R. McElvare,

* Ferricosta.

** Arcigera.

April, 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 35

MANIPULATION OF SPECIMENS ON SLIDES

By Milton Savos, Springfield, Mass.

While the writer was in France at the Universite de Nancy en-
gaged in a taxonomic study of the Class Symphyla, he was intro-
duced to a convenient method of preparing temporary whole
mounts of small elongate arthropods. These mounts have a dis-
tinct advantage over other temporary or “permanent” slide prepa-
rations in that the specimen can be manipulated for study from all
sides.

The materials required are simple and readily available in any
laboratory. They consist of microscope slides, square cover slips,
a saturated solution of potassium hydroxide, a mixture of 1 part
glycerin and 10 parts water, and a series of fine glass rods that
can be made by drawing out glass tubing.

The specimen is mounted on the slide in a drop of the glycerin-
water mixture. A glass rod of a slightly greater diameter than
that of the specimen is placed along side of it. Then the cover slip
is added so that one end of it rests on the slide and the other end is
supported by the glass rod. A drop or two of the potassium
hydroxide solution may be added to clear the specimen ; additional
drops of the gylcerin-water mixture may be added until the area
under the cover is flooded. The specimen is then ready for exami-
nation.

With this mount a specimen
can be rolled and brought to rest
in almost any desired longitudinal
position for examination simply
by pushing either end of the
cover slip with some appropriate
instrument. It should be pointed specimen
out that the diameter of the glass
rod is very important. If it is less

than that of the specimen, the latter will be jammed between the
cover slip and the slide and hence cannot be rolled without risk of
injury. If the diameter of the glass rod is much greater than that
of the specimen, the latter will float about out of control. Practice
is required to attain proficiency.

The writer has had success with specimens ranging from 0.5 to
8.0 mm. in length and has seen the method employed in studies on
even larger specimens such as Campodea. With specimens up to
about 4 mm. in length, the high-dry and even oil immersion objec-
tives can be used to study the parts of the body lying next to the
cover slip.

GLASS ROD

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LV

ON THE IDENTITY OF MINORISSA ALATA
THOMAS, 1874, AND ATRACTOMORPHA
CONGENSIS SAUSSURE, 1893 [NOMEN NUDUM]
(ORTHOPTERA: PYRGOMORPHIDAE)

By D. Keith McE. Kevan1

Thomas (1874) described from a single, rather poorly preserved
female specimen of unknown origin a species of pyrgomorph which
he placed in the South American genus Minorissa Walker, 1870.
Why he did so is not clear, but, since he considered (without giving
his reasons) that it was “probably from some part of South Amer-
ica”, it would seem that he merely placed the specimen in what ap-
peared to him to be the most likely South American genus, appar-
ently without giving any thought to the possibility that the speci-
men might belong to an Old World genus.

Minorissa alata Thomas, 1874, has never been referred to in the
literature since its description; it was omitted by Bolivar (1884;
1905 ; 1909) in his works on the Pyrgomorphidae and finds no
place in Kirby’s monumental catalogue of the Orthoptera (1910).
Hebard (1927) omits the species in his paper fixing types of Or-
thoptera described by Thomas; Rehn (1953) does not mention it
when discussing the only other species of the genus, M. pustulata
Walker 18702 ; and the type has been presumed lost.

Recently (May, 1959) while examining the Orthoptera collec-
tion of the U.S. National Museum, through the kindness of Dr. A.
B. Gurney, I discovered, tucked away amongst some old material,
a specimen standing over a label in Caudell’s hand, ((Minorissa
alata Thos.” There was no doubt that this was the missing type of
the species, since it agreed fully with Thomas’ description3. In
addition, it had a single, small data label added : “S. America”, in
Thomas’ hand, and a determination label " Minorissa alata Thos.”

1 Prof, of Entomology, McGill University, Macdonald College,
P.Q., Canada.

2 Rehn ( l.c .) refers erroneously to the species as M. pustulosa
(although he correctly gives pustulata as the type species of Mino-
rissa), and further, gives the wrong page reference to the original
description.

3 More accurate measurements than are given by Thomas are :
Length (excluding tegmina), 36.9; tegmina (distorted), 23.9;
pronotum, 7.0; fastigium verticis, 2.9; hind femur, 15.2 mm.

April, 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 37

The specimen does not belong to the genus Minorissa , but to
Atractomorpha Saussure, 1862, a genus confined to the Old World,
including Australasia, one species of which (currently known as
A. ambigua Bolivar, 19054) has been introduced into the Hawaiian
Islands.

The systematics of this genus are at present in a very confused
state, but a preliminary revision is in press (Banerjee and Kevan,
1960). It may, however, be stated here that the type of Minorissa
alata belongs to the species commonly known as A. bedeli Bolivar,
1884, which has been synonymized by Bei-Bienko (1951) with
Truxalis lata Motschoulsky, 1866. A comparison of the types of
Truxalis brevicornis Thunberg, 1815, and A. bedeli , however, shows
that these are also synonymous. The availability of Thunberg’s
name is discussed by Banerjee and Kevan {op. cit.). The synon-
ymy is as follows :

T[ruxalis] brevicornis Thunberg, 1815, Mem. Acad. Sci. St.

Peterb. 5: 264 [nec Fabricius, 1775 = Gryllus brevicornis Linne,
1764]

Truxalis lata Motschoulsky, 1886, Byul, Mosk. Obshch. Prir. 39:

181 — syn. nov.

Minorissa alata Thomas, 1874, Bui. U.S. geol. geogr. Surv. Terr.

1 : 63 — syn. nov.

Atractomorpha Bedeli Bolivar, 1884, An. Soc. esp. Hist. nat. 13:

64, 69, 495 — syn. nov.

The correct name is thus Atractomorpha brevicornis (Thunberg)
— comb. nov. The species occurs in China, Japan and certain ad-
jacent territories.

Since Thomas implied that M. alata was probably South Amer-
ican in origin, the possibility of the introduction of a species of
Atractomorpha into Continental America cannot be refuted abso-
lutely (another species has become established in Hawaii), but the
evidence is too slender to attach any importance to it. One should
perhaps mention, in this connection, however, that there is also an
old, alcohol-preserved female of A. brevicornis in the Hamburg
Museum labelled “Buenos Ayres, Ruscheweigh ded.”, and that in
the U.S. National Museum collection are three male specimens of
Atractomorpha bearing the data label “Nogales, Mex[ico], June
31 [sic!]5, 1919. Coll. F. J. Dyer”. Thus we have a further sug-

4 Comparison of types shows this to be a synonym of A. sinensis
Bolivar, 1905 (Banerjee and Kevan, 1960): A [tractomorpha]
sinensis Bolivar, 1905, Bob Soc. esp. Hist. nat. 5 : 198, 205 =
A[tractomorpha] ambigua Bolivar, 1905, ibid.: 198, 209 — syn. nov.

5 June 13 ?

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society voi.lv

gestion that the genus has been introduced into America.

Mr. Francis J. Dyer, whose name appears on the data labels of
the three males, was American Consul in Nogales, Mexico (just
south of Nogales, Arizona) and both he and his wife appear to have
been keenly interested in natural history, for they sent many plants
(especially cacti), reptiles and insects to the U.S. National Mu-
seum, as the Museum records show. Insects of several orders are
recorded as having been collected by a zealous house-boy at night
on the insect screens of Mr. Dyer’s residence on or about the date
indicated on the data labels6. The immediate neighbourhood of
Nogales is arid and unsuitable for the establishment of Atracto-
morpha , which prefers more humid situations, but it is understood
from colleagues who have been there, that moister areas exist not
too far away for the insects to have flown to light.

Unfortunately for the theory of introduction of Atractomorpha
into America, The Nogales specimens belong to the African form at
present known as A. gerstaeckeri Bolivar, 18847, and it seems that,
although the data labels are genuine enough, they have been at-
tached to the wrong specimens. These latter have apparently been
alcohol-preserved and resemble closely some material, also in the
U.S. National Museum, from Liberia. The data label on the Ham-
burg specimen has presumably also been misplaced.

The introduction of an Asiatic species into western America is
one thing, but the early introduction of two species, one of them
Asiatic and to the south-east coast of South America and the other

Explanation of Plate

Figs. 1, 2. 2 Type of Minorissa alata Thomas (1)4 x ) : 1> dor-
sal; 2, lateral. Figs. 3-6. $ & J Atractomorpha gerstaeckeri

Bolivar labelled (( Atractomorpha congensis Sauss.” [nomen
nudum] by H. de Saussure (1^4 x) : 3, 4, selected representative
5, 6, female from same series; 3, 5, dorsal;. 4, 6, lateral. [Photo-
graphs: S. K. Banerjee].

6 A letter from Mr. Dyer from Nogales, Sonora, Mexico, dated
June 17, 1919, to Mr. W. de C. Ravenel of the U.S. National Mu-
seum notes that material sent "... also includes a very few insects,
dry, bees, etc. Among the insects taken are quite a number, some
minute, taken on the house screen and around lights at night . . .”

7 Regarded as a subspecies of A. acutipennis (Guerin-Meneville,
1844) by Banerjee and Kevan (op. cit. ) .

Apnh 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 39

Key an

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LV

African and to an unfavourable inland locality remote from com-
merce, is quite another. We cannot, therefore, accept A tract o-
morpha as an introduced American insect, but the above informa-
tion may conceivably be of future interest.

In concluding, it might not be inappropriate here to clear up
another obscure reference to the genus Atractomorpha. Saussure
(1893) listed a species of the genus as A. congensis from “Congo”.
The species was never described but is referred to by Johnston
(1956: 751) in his Catalogue of African Grasshoppers as a nomen
nudum. A male and a female specimen determined by Saussure
(in his own hand) as A. congensis , together with five additional
males, three females and two nymphs (one rather small) belonging
to the same series, are also in the U.S. National Museum. There is
thus a total of twelve specimens, although only eleven were orig-
inally recorded by Saussure, who presumably ignored the smaller
nymph8. The present specimens all bear a label “Congo” [in hand-
writing] and another “U.S.N.M.Acc. — ” [printed]. The males
and females also bear the handwritten number “2” or “3” respec-
tively. One male, selected here as representative of the series
(“pseudotype”), has the left tegmen and hind wing spread.

All the above material is referable to A. gerstaeckeri Bolivar, so
that it is now possible to establish the following synonymy for that
species :

Atractomorpha Gerstaeckeri Bolivar, 1884, An. Soc. esp. Hist. nat.
13:64,66,495.

Atractomorpha congensis Saussure, 1893, Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 16:

581 — nomen nudum, syn. nov.

Further synonymy is discussed by Banerjee and Kevan ( op . cit.).

Summary

(1) Minorissa alata Thomas, 1874, is a synonym of Atracto-
morpha brevicornis (Thunberg, 1815) and its suggested origin in
S. America is discredited.

(2) Atractomorpha congensis Saussure, 1893, a nomen nudum,
refers to A. gerstaeckeri Bolivar, 1884.

8 It might be that he omitted both nymphs and retained an elev-
enth adult for himself, but there is no evidence of this ; there is ap-
parently no specimen labelled A. congensis in Saussure’s collection
in Geneva (Prof. Ch. Ferriere, in litt., 1957).

April, 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 41

References

Banerjee, S. K. and Kevan, D. K. McE. 1960. A preliminary
revision of the genus Atractomorpha Saussure, 1862 (Orthop-
tera : Acridoidea: Pyrgomorphidae). Treubia: (in press).

Bei-Bienko, G. Ya. 1951. Podsemeistvo Pyromorphinae. In
Bei-Bienko, G. Ya., & Mishchenko, L. L. Saranchevye
Fauny SSSR i sopredel’nykh Stran. Chast’ I. Opred. Faun.
SSSR. 38:270-280.

Bolivar, I. 1884. Monografia de los Pirgomorfinos. An. Soc.
esp. Hist. Nat. 13: 1-73, 419-500, pi. I-IV.

Bolivar, I. 1905. Notas sobre los Pyrgomorfidos ( Pyrgomorph-
idae) X. Subfam. Atractomorphinae. Bob Soc. esp. Hist. Nat.
5:196-217.

Bolivar, I. 1909. Orthoptera, Fam. Acrididae Subfam. Pyrgo-
morphinae. Gen. Ins. 90 : 58 pp., 1 pi.

Hebard, M. 1927. Fixation of the single types of species of
Orthoptera described by Cyru.s Thomas. Proc. Acad. nat. Sci.
Philad. 79: 1-11.

Johnston, H. B. 1956. Annotated Catalogue of African Grass-
hoppers, Cambridge, xxii + 833 pp.

Kirby, W. F. 1910. Orthoptera Saltatoria Part II. (Locustidae
vel Acridiidae). [With additions and corrections]. Syn.
Cat. Orth., London, 3 : ix + 674 pp.

Rehn, J. A. G. 1953. Records and descriptions of Pyrgomorphi-
nae (Orthoptera: Acrididae), with critical notes on certain
genera. Trans. Amer. ent. Soc. 79: 99-150, pi. I-V.

Saussure, H. de. 1893. Order Orthoptera. In Riley, C. V.
Scientific results of the U.S. Eclipse Expedition to West
Africa 1889-90. Report upon the Insecta, Arachnida, and
Myriapoda. Proc. U. S. nat. Mus. 16: 579-582. [Whole
volume, 1894].

Thomas, C. 1874. Descriptions of some new Orthoptera, and
notes on some species but little known. Bui. U.S. geol. &
geogr. Surv. Terr. 1 (2, Ser. 1) : 63—71. [Whole volume
1875].

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LV

A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF XYSTODESMID
MILLIPED FROM TENNESSEE

By William T. Keeton1

During the past five years, three separate collections of an unde-
scribed xystodesmid milliped from Tennessee have been sent to me
for study. Although this new species cannot be placed in any of the
existing genera, I have hesitated in describing a new genus for it in
the hope that the revisionary studies of the Xystodesmidae cur-
rently being conducted by Richard L. Hoffman (e.g. 1956, 1958)
and by me (1959) would soon result in a clearer picture of the re-
lationships of the various “fontariid” genera. It has become in-
creasingly evident, however, that the problems involved in critical
treatments of such important genera as Apheloria , Sigmoria, Clep-
toria, and Sigiria (the genera which, together with a few others such
as Brachoria, constitute the section of the Xystodesmidae to which
the new Tennessee form belongs) are such as to delay indefinitely
the completion of those works. Accordingly, I have decided to
describe the new genus, but to delay detailed discussion of its affini-
ties until such time as the characteristics of the other groups in-
volved have been clarified.

Hubrcria, n. gen.

Diagnosis. — -A genus of the “fontariid” group of the Xystodes-
midae characterized primarily by the form of the telopodites of the
male gonopods, which do not curve in the simple or sigmoid arcs
typical of related genera such as Apheloria and Sigmoria ; the short
distal portion of telopodite abruptly narrowed, twisted, and curved
cephalad in a plane nearly parallel to the body of the animal, in this
character somewhat resembling Brachoria mendota Keeton but
without any trace of a cingulum. Prefemoral spines extremely long
and stout, much larger than in any closely related genus.

Moderately large, broad-bodied forms ; paranota wide, slightly
overlapping, continuing slope of dorsum. Twenty segments; seg-
ments 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15-19 with repugnatorial pores, these
dorsal in position in moderate paranotal swellings, the swellings
less pronounced than in many xystodesmid genera. Four antennal
sensory cones.

Type species. — Huhroria picapa, new species.

1 Department of Entomology (Biology Section), Cornell Uni-
versity, Ithaca, New York. The expense of publishing the plate in
this paper was paid by the Griswold Fund of the Department of
Entomology, Cornell University.

April, 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 43

Hubroria picapa, n. sp.

(Figures 1-4)

Type specimens. — Male holotype deposited in the U. S. National.
Museum ; collected by Leslie Hubricht, May 30, 1958, on roadside,
2.3 miles north-northeast of Sunbright, Morgan County, Tennessee.
Male and female paratypes in Chicago Natural History Museum;
collected by Bernard Benesh, June, 1949, Sunbright, Tennessee.
Male paratype in author’s collection ; collected by Bernard Benesh,
June 2, 1952, Burrville, Morgan County, Tennessee.

Description. — The diagnosis is that given for the genus. Length
of holotype, 43 mm. ; width, 10.7 mm. ; lengths of male paratypes,
44 and 42.3 mm. ; widths, 10.3 and 10.4 mm. ; length of female
paratype, 46 mm. ; width, 10.7 mm.

Vertigial sulcus distinct, ending a little above level of antennal
sockets. Antennal grooves moderately deep, the clypeal borders
more abrupt than the vertigial. Clypeal margins smoothly curved ;
clypeal setae numerous, their number very variable but always
greater than 20. Labrum with 3 distinct teeth, subequal in length ;
labral setae variable in number but generally about 20. Antennae
long and slender, slightly surpassing caudal margins of 3rd tergites
when pulled back over body ; 2nd articles exceeding lateral corners
of clypeus, articles becoming increasingly setose distally ; articles
in order of decreasing length : 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1,7.

Collum subovoid, its precise shape variable; paranota rounded
laterally; anterior margins of paranota set off by distinct sub-
marginal grooves which run from lateral extremes of collum to
points opposite vertigial margins of antennal grooves.

Tergites coriaceous, those of 2nd segment with rounded paranota ;
3rd tergite showing slightly more angle at posterolateral corners of
paranota, these angles becoming progressively more evident on
succeeding segments, those of tergite 9 and succeeding midbody seg-
ments only very slightly produced caudad as result of caudal rounded
or squared, never acute, borders of paranotal swellings.

Telson subtriangular in dorsal aspect, the apex truncate; a very
evident subterminal lateral tubercle on each side. Anal valves
coriaceous, with prominent mesal lips. Hypoproct with convex
lateral margins meeting at small terminal protuberance ; lateral
tubercles subterminal.

Pleural areas of prozonites smooth, those of metazonites very
coriaceous. Sternal areas smooth, those of metazonites of immedi-
ately postgenital segments deeply grooved medially, their postero-
lateral corners with pronounced swollen areas ; both groove and
swollen areas becoming much less evident on more caudal segments,

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

where sternal areas are also broader.

Legs long and slender ; all podomeres densely setose. Prefemora
with long sharp conical distal ventral spines ; anterior coxae with-
out such armature, those of segment 10 and succeeding segments
with only weak trace of armature. Third podomeres much the long-
est. Tarsal claws long and distally curved, with a prominent ridge
running along dorsal surface and several smaller ridges lateral to it
on each side.

Genital processes of coxae of 2nd legpair of male short and trun-
cate, with several setae. Sternum of 3rd legpair with pair of rela-
tively large, longitudinally elongate, confluent processes ; sternum of
4th legs with pair of medially confluent digitiform processes extend-
ing ventrad almost to level of ventral surfaces of coxae ; similar pair
of processes between bases of 5th legs in 2 males, but these not con-
fluent ; no processes between 5th legs of 1 male ; no processes be-
tween bases of legs of 6th segment in any specimens, sternal areas of
this segment much broader than those of preceding segments, this

Huhroria picapa. — Fig. 1, left gonopod of male, cephalic view.
Fig. 2, The same, telopodite portion, mesal view. Fig. 3, The same,
distal portion of telopodite, ventral view. Fig. 4, Left cyphopod of
female, lateral view of valve and receptacle.

April, 1960

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 45

particularly true of wide area between 7th legs.

Sternum between 3rd legs of female very narrow and produced
ventrad to form pair of short confluent processes. Sternum between
4th and 5th legs broader, with pair of rounded humps between bases
of 5th legs, these humps separated by longitudinal mesal groove.
Sternum of 6th segment nearly as wide as those of succeeding seg-
ments, without such prominent humps.

Gonopod aperture large and suboval, cephalic border emarginate.
Gonopods large, fully exposed in ventral view. Coxae of gonopods
connected by membrane and muscle only, no sternal remnant. Pre-
femora with the usual setose cushion on caudal surfaces ; prefemoral
spines very long and thick, extending ventrad, then curving slightly
cephalad distally ; prominent ridge running across cephalic surface
of each spine from dorsolateral base to mesal surface about midway
of its length and thence to tip of spine ; this ridge, together with
one running along cephalolateral margin, forming decidedly con-
cave cephalomesal surface on each spine. Arc of each telopodite
curving gently cephalomesoventrad from its base, then abruptly
narrowed and somewhat twisted (fig. 3), the short distal thinner
portion curved cephalad in smooth arc, with narrowly subspatulate
end ; seminal canal ending on ventral surface of lateral corner of
spatulate end. (All directions here mentioned refer to gonopods in
fully erect position; gonopods are sometimes held closer to pre-
genital ventral body surfaces and all directions would then, of
course, be changed.)

Cyphopod (fig. 4) with both valves similar in shape and length,
each deeply emarginate dorsally; receptacle with lateral and mesal
arms similar, cephalic surface (not shown in figure) irregular, form-
ing 3 indistinct lobes, these faintly papillate.

Color faded, but apparently dorsum was dark brown with light
paranota, these light areas connected on each tergite by light band
running along caudal portion of metazonite.

References Cited

Hoffman, Richard L. 1956. Revision of the milliped genus
Dixioria (Polydesmida : Xystodesmidae) . Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus. 105: 1-19, 4 figs.

1958. Revision of the milliped genus Pachydesmus

(Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae). Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 108:
181-218, 12 figs. '

Keeton, William T. 1959. A revision of the milliped genus
Brachoria (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae). Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus. 109: 1-58, 11 figs.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LV

A REPORT ON THE BLACKFLIES (SIMULIIDAE) OF

DELAWARE.1 PART I. RECORD OF DELAWARE
SPECIES AND AN INTRODUCTION TO A
SURVEY OF THE WESTERN BRANCHES
OF THE CHRISTIANA RIVER, NEW
CASTLE COUNTY.

By Douglas W. S. Sutherland and Richard F. Darsie, Jr.2

ABSTRACT

This is the first detailed report (in two parts) on the occurrence
of Simuliidae in Delaware. Only three species have been recorded
prior to this report, viz, Cnephia mutata (Mall.), Prosimulium
hirtipes (Fries) and Simulium decorum Walk. Delaware locality
records are given for these and the following species, which are
being listed for the first time: Prosimulium magnum D. & S., Sim-
ulium aureum Fries, S', jenningsi Mall., S'. tuberosum (Lund.), S'.
venustum Say, S', verecundum S. & J. and S', vittatum Zett.

During July, 1958, 21 stations in 12 tributaries of the Christiana
River, New Castle County, Del., were searched for presence of
blackfly immatures. Of these, 14 were positive. In all 1164 larvae
and pupae were collected and 147 of them were reared to adults in
the laboratory.

In Part II descriptions of the habitats, a table of blackfly species
associations, and a listing of other insect inhabitants are given.

INTRODUCTION

The Simuliidae, or blackflies, are haematophagous insects of con-
siderable importance not only as pests of man and animals but also
as vectors of diseases. No comprehensive report of the occurrence
of blackflies in Delaware has been published. Recorded here, there-
fore, are details of the distribution of ten species found in Delaware,
followed by data on a concentrated survey of blackfly breeding in
the western branches of the Christiana River, New Castle County,
Delaware, conducted by the senior author.

1 Published as Miscellaneous Paper No. 355, with the approval
of the Director of the Delaware Agricultural Experiment Station.
Publication 305 and Scientific Article 221 of the Department of
Entomology, November, 1959.

2 Graduate Assistant and Associate Professor, respectively, De-
partment of Entomology, Delaware Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion, Newark.

April, 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 47

This study is published in two parts, the first dealing with the de-
tailed locality records of Delaware Simuliidae, and the introduction
to the survey ; while the second part contains the descriptions of the
blackfly habitats in the Christiana River system.

To our knowledge, no blackflies were collected in Delaware prior
to 1951. In January of that year, a student of entomology, Joseph
P. Cann, found blackfly larvae in Centerville, Delaware. Subse-
quently, collections by Donald MacCreary, Dale F. Bray and H. E.
Milliron on January 13, 1951, proved to be Simulium vittatum Zett.
Between 1951 and 1957, primarily through the interest and efforts
of H. E. Milliron, four additional species were collected, viz.,
Cnephia mutata (Malloch), Prosimulium hirtipes (Fries.), Prosi-
mulium magnum Dyar and Shannon and Simulium decorum
Walker. However, only C. mutata, P. hirtipes and .S', decorum have
been listed in print as occurring in Delaware (Milliron, 1956a,
1956b, 1956c, 1957a, 1957b, 1957c, 1958 and Sutherland 1959).
Thus, we are reporting seven species of blackflies for the first time
from Delaware.

Milliron (loc. cit.) makes several references to blackflies and
their annoying man and animals during late April and early May.
He observed P. hirtipes and C. mutata to be pestiferous in late
afternoon and early evening, and more prevalent in New Castle,
than in Kent County. S', decorum was troublesome at mid-day, and
was common in Sussex, less so in Kent, and rare in New Castle
County.

The following persons were collectors of blackflies in Delaware
and are listed in the species-locality data by their initials : Dale F.
Bray (DFB), Marlin S. Conrad (MSC), Donald MacCreary
(DM), H. E. Milliron (HEM), Paul F. Springer (PFS), Douglas
W. S. Sutherland (DS) and Charles A. Triplehorn (CAT). The
authors are indebted to Dr. Alan Stone of the United States Na-
tional Museum for checking the identification of certain specimens.
These are so indicated. All of the adults collected by H. E. Mill-
iron were determined by him.

RECORDS OF DELAWARE SIMULIIDAE

Cnephia mutata (Malloch). — New Castle County: Newark,
IV-9-51, 4?? (DFB) ; IV-13-51, 1$ (DM) ; IV-14-51, 4??; IV-
15-51, 4??; IV-21-51, 1?; IV-19-56, 7?? (HEM) ; IV-28-58, 1?
(DM) ; Wilmington, IV-25-51, 1? (HEM) ; Glasgow, IV-20-51,
1? (DFB); S. of Townsend, IV-26-51, (HEM). Kent
County: S. of Clayton, IV-26-51, 6?$ ; W. of Cheswold, IV-26-51,
1?; Petersburg, IV-17-57, 2JJ (HEM) ; Bombay Hook National

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Wildlife Refuge, IV-13-54, (PFS). Sussex County: Redden
State Forest, V-3-56, 4?? (HEM).

Prosimulium hirtipes (Fries).3 — New Castle County : Newark,
IV-1-51, 40?2; IV- 14-51, 16$'? and llCf; IV-15-51, 3055 and 32J^;
IV-21-51, r2?IV-22-51, 252; IV-30-51, 12 (HEM) ; Spring, 1952,
12 (DFB) ; IV-15-53, 525 (CAT) ; IV-19-56, 3'22 (HEM) ; Cen-
terville, IV-18-51, 12 (DM); Glasgow, IV-20-51, 622 (DFB);
IV-15-53, 222 (CAT) ; S. of Townsend, IV-26-51, 222 (HEM).
Kent County: S. of Clayton, IV-26-51, 2322 and Petersburg,
IV-17-51, 1122 (HEM). Sussex County: Redden State Forest,
IV-17-57, 622 (HEM).

Prosimulium magnum Dyar and Shannon. — New Castle
County: Newark, IV-14-51, 222; IV-15-51, 12; IV-21-51, 522;
IV-22-51, 12 (HEM). Kent County: S. of Clayton, IV-26-51,
222 and 2^ (HEM).

Simulium aureum Fries. — New Castle County: Glasgow,
Muddy Run, VII-14-58, 25 lar. ; Glasgow, Sunset Lake, VII-14-58,
422, 26 lar. ; Newark, S. Branch of Persimmon Run, VII-19-

58, 1J\ 3 pup., 2 lar. (DS).

Simulium decorum Walker. — New Castle County: Newark,
IV-22-51, 12, (HEM); Pleasant Hill, Pike Creek, VII-12-58, 1
lar.; Glasgow, Zeitler Dam, VII-14-58, 7 pup. and 118 lar. (DS).
Sussex County: Georgetown, IV-30-56, 1422 (HEM).

Simulium jenning si Malloch. — New Castle County: Glasgow,
Muddy Run, lj', 1 pup. (exuvium) (DS).

Simulium tuberosum (Lundstroem)4. — New Castle County:
Newark, E. Branch of Christiana Creek, VII-11-58, 46 lar.; N.
Branch of Persimmon Run, VII-19-58, 2jy*; S. Branch of Per-
simmon Run, VII-19-58, 1 lar. ; Milford Crossroads, Middle Run,
VII-16-58, 1 pup. and 16 lar.; Pleasant Hill, Pike Creek, VII-12-
58, 62 lar.; Glasgow, Muddy Run, VII-13-58, 1 lCf, 6 lar.; VII-14-
58, 18 lar. (DS) .

Simulium venustum Say5. — New Castle County: Newark, E.

3 It is quite likely that P. hirtipes in Delaware is composed of a
complex of closely related species ; see Syme and Davies ( 1958)
and Davies and Syme ( 1958) .

4 Identifications confirmed by Dr. Alan Stone (in litt.)

5 These records represent the S', venustum complex and may be
S', venustum , S. tuberosum or S', verecundum. Larvae are either
S', venustum or S. verecundum, and not S', tuberosum, since its
larvae are distinctive.

April, 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 49

Branch of Christiana Creek, VII-10-58, 3 pup. and 18 lar. ; N.
Branch of Persimmon Run, VII-19-58, 5$$, ld\ 13 pup., 3 lar.;
S. Branch of Persimmon Run, VII-19-58, 1 pup., 2 lar. ; Pleasant
Hill, Pike Creek, VII-12-58, 3??, 23 pup.; Milford Crossroads,
Middle Run, VII-16-58, 1 lar. ; Glasgow, Muddy Run, VII-13-58,
9$$, 16 pup., 51 lar.; VII-14-58, 1 pup.; Porter, Belltown Run,
VII-19-58, 952, 21 pup., 95 lar. (DS). Sussex County: Ellen-
dale, VII-24-58, 16$?, 28 pup. (DFB, MSC).

Simulium verecundum Stone and Jamnback6. — New Castle
County: Glasgow, Muddy Run, VII-13-59, 2 pup.

(exuviae) ; VII-14-59, 4Jcf, 4 pup. (exuviae) ; Porter, Belltown
Run, VII-19-59, 3jy\ 2 pup. (exuviae) ; VII-20-59, 2 pup.

(exuviae) (DS). Sussex County: Ellendale, VII-24-58, 16^
(DFB, MSC).

Simulium vittatum Zetterstedt. — New Castle County: Center-
ville, 1-13-51, 3$$, 1<? (DM, DFB, HEM)7; IV-18-51, 2$$
(DM); Hockessin, IV-18-51, 1$ (DM); Pleasant Hill, Pike
Creek, VII-12-58, 2 pup., 3 lar.; Milford Crossroads, Middle Run,
VIM 1-58, 11$$, 12Jtf, 55 pup., 46 lar.; VII-16-58, 1$, 1J\
1 pup., 28 lar. ; Newark, E. Branch of Christiana Creek, VII-10-58,
271 lar.; White Clay Creek, VII-12-58, 8 lar.; N. Branch of Per-
simmon Run, VII-19-58, 5$$, 3<^, 9 pup., 28 lar. ; Coochs Bridge,
Christiana Creek, VII-13-58, 2 lar.; Glasgow, Muddy Run,
VII-13-58, 28 lar.; Sunset Lake, VII-14-58, 2$$, 1<?, 10 pup., 20
lar.; Porter, Belltown Run, VII-19-58, 1 lar. (DS). Sussex
County: Ellendale, VII-24-58, 3 lar. (DFB, MSC).

SURVEY OF THE WESTERN BRANCHES OF THE
CHRISTIANA RIVER

From July 10 to July 19, 1958, a survey of the western branches
of the Christiana River Basin in northwestern New Castle County,
Delaware, was conducted. A total of 21 stations in 12 separate
tributaries was selected for their diversity as blackfly habitats. It
should be explained here that the term habitat is used in the
broadest sense, i.e. to include not only the stream characteristics
but the surrounding terrain. Within the station, samples were
taken at several places in order to make the collections as compre-
hensive as possible. This included sections of the stream above and

6 All identifications of Y. verecundum were made or confirmed
by Dr. Alan Stone.

7 Collected as larvae and reared to adults in the laboratory.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society voi.lv

below as well as at the point where the current was the swiftest.
A representative sample of other insect life was also collected and
identified to family. No attempt was made to catch adult blackflies
at these stations.

Some material was preserved in 70 percent alcohol as it was col-
lected. Mature larvae and pupae were returned to the laboratory
in jars of habitat water, still clinging to rocks, plants or debris, for
reared association studies.

Rearing Technique

The field collected pupae were reared essentially as outlined by
Stone and Jamnback (1955). For a more detailed discussion of
rearing methods, the reader is referred to Fredeen (1959). Speci-
mens were placed on a piece of moist blotting paper which in turn
was inserted into a special emergence test tube. The tube was
5}^ x 1 inch with a side hole bored one inch from the bottom. This
hole was stoppered with a cork and the top opening plugged with
cotton. Whenever possible, the pupae were allowed to remain at-
tached to the original material. These rearing tubes were held
horizontally in a room at a constant temperature of 80° F and a
relative humidity of 70 percent. They were kept in 12 hours of
artificial fluorescent light and 12 hours of darkness daily. The
darker, older pupae were used when possible, and emergence oc-
curred in from one to three days.

The mature larvae were placed in habitat water in gallon battery
jars equipped with aquarium aerators. The jars were covered with
a single layer of cheese cloth to retain emerged adults. Air was
moved over the jars with a large electric fan to promote cooling
of the water by evaporation. The larvae congregated in the stream
of air bubbles, generally within two inches of the water surface. A
pinch of yeast was added to each jar, but no attempt was made to
determine if it was utilized by the larvae. Pupation occurred in
one to 10 days. These laboratory reared pupae were treated the
same as the field collected ones. All adults were allowed to harden
for at least 12 hours before preservation. Reared material was
finally fixed in 70 percent alcohol.

Findings

A summary of the blackfly species, an enumeration of the number
of stations at which each species was collected, and the numbers of
field preserved and laboratory reared specimens will be found in
Table 1. In all, 1164 larvae, pupae and adults were collected and

April, 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 51

Table 1. Summary of blackflies collected in some western
branches of the Christiana River, New Castle Co.,
Delaware, 1958

No. of

Field Preserved

Laboratory Reared

Species

Stations

Present

No. of
Larvae

No. of
Pupae

Females

Males

Pupae*

Simulium

vittatum

Simulium

435

venustum

complex

170

Simulium

tuberosum

Simulium

149

aureum

Simulium

verecundum

Simulium

decorum

Simulium

119

jenningsi

* Includes both pupae which failed to emerge and empty exuviae
brought to laboratory with live material.

identified. Of these, 1017 were field collected and preserved, while
147 were reared in the laboratory. The 57 pupae in the latter
group included those which failed to emerge and the identifiable,
emerged pupal exuviae brought to the laboratory with the live
material. Stone and Jamnback (loc. cit.) and Jamnback (1956)
were used in determining the blackfly species.

Seven Simuliid species, all belonging to the genus Simulium , were
recovered from the Christiana River Basin. Distinguishing the
members of the S', venustum complex was accomplished only
through the aid of Dr. Stone (see footnotes 4 and 5). According
to Stone and Jamnback (loc. cit.) the females and pupae of the
three species composing this complex are indistinguishable. Only
the larvae of S', tuberosum are distinct, thus the 170 larvae found to
be in this complex are either S. venustum or S', verecundum. The
males appear distinctive in all three species. It is interesting to

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

note that none of the 1 50 specimens checked by Stone was found to

belong to S'. venustum (s. str.).

Literature Cited

Davies, D. M. & P. D. Syme. 1958. Three new Ontario black-
flies of the genus Prosimulium (Diptera : Simuliidae) Part
II. Ecological observations and experiments. Can. Ent.
90(12) : 744-759.

Fredeen, F. J. H. 1959. Rearing blackflies in the laboratory
(Diptera, Simuliidae). Can. Ent. 91(2) : 73-83.

Jamnback, H. 1956. An illustrated key to the blackfly larvae
commonly collected in New York State. N. Y. State Sci.
Serv. Jan., 10 pp.

Milliron, H. E. 1956a Coop. Econ. Insect Rept. 6(17) : 355.

1956b. Ibid. 6(19) : 401.

1956c. Ibid. 6(44) : 1035.

1957a. Ibid. 7(15) : 274.

1957b. Ibid. 7(17) : 327.

1957c. Ibid. 7(49) : 914.

1958. Economic insects and allied pests of Dela-
ware. Del. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. No. 321, 87 pp.

Stone, A. & H. A. Jamnback. 1955. The blackflies of New
York State (Diptera: Simuliidae). N. Y. State Mus. Bui.
No. 349, 144 pp.

Sutherland, D. W. S. 1959. Coop. Econ. Insect Rept. 9(18) :
337.

Syme, P. D. & D. M. Davies. 1958. Three new Ontario black-
flies of the genus Prosimulium (Diptera : Simuliidae). Part
I. Descriptions, morphological comparisons with related
species, and distribution. Can. Ent. 90(12) : 697-719.

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■iff m§.

The Brooklyn Entomological Society

Meetings are held on the second Wednesday of each month from October t< «
May, inclusive, at the Engineers’ Club, 117 Remsen Street, Brooklyn 2
M. Y. The annual dues are $2.00.

OFFICERS 1960-61
Honorary President

R. R. McELVARE
President

HARRY BEATROS

Vice President
CASIMIR REDJIVES

Secretary

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Treasurer

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P. O. Box 386
Southern Pines
North Carolina

CONTENTS

BLACKFLIES OF DELAWARE. PART II. DESCRIP-
TION OF BLACKFLY HABITATS, Sutherland and

Darsie 53

BIRDS OF URUGUAY PARASITIZED BY ORNI-
THOCTONA ERYTHROCEPHALA (HIPPOBOS-
CIDAE), Escalante 62

APHIDS THAT FEED ON CACTI, Leonard 64

NEW SUBGENUS AND TWO NEW SPECIES OF
PSEUDIASTATA (DIPTERA, DROSOPHILIDAE) ,
Wheeler 67

NOTES ON BUPRESTIDAE AND SCHIZOPODIDAE,
Nelson 70

NOTES ON SOUTHWESTERN GROUND-NESTING
WASPS (HYMENOPTERA, SPHECIDAE), Krom-
bein 75

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

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BULLETIN

OF THE

BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Vol. LV JUNE, 1960 No. 3

A REPORT ON THE BLACKFLIES (SIMULIIDAE)
OF DELAWARE.

PART II. DESCRIPTION AND DISCUSSION
OF BLACKFLY HABITATS.

By Douglas W. S. Sutherland and Richard F. Darsie, Jr.

This is a continuation of a report on an investigation of the Sirnu-
liidae of Delaware (Bui. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., Vol. 55, No. 2). A
detailed record of the species found in Delaware and an introduction
to an intensive survey of certain branches of the Christiana River
have been discussed in Part I ; also see Fig. 1 for map. To pursue
the latter further, particulars of the blackfly collecting locations are
delineated in the ensuing account.

Description of Blackfly Habitats

Of the 21 stations originally inspected ,14 were positive for black-
flies. A detailed description of each positive station, along with a
list of other insects1 observed, follows. These lists are undoubtedly
incomplete, as exhaustive collecting of other forms was not at-
tempted.

Station 1. Milford Crossroads, Middle Run, July 11, 1958; a
small stream 3 to 8 feet wide and 3 inches to 3 feet deep, cool, clear
water with sand, gravel and stone bottom; stream bordered by
woodland and pasture ; blackfly immatures attached to rocks, leaves,
twigs, branches, cans, plastic curtain, and a wagon wheel ; S. vitta-
tum and S. venustum complex taken in three collections ; other
insects :

1 The immature insects were determined to order and family by
use of Chu, H. F. 1949. How to know the immature insects. Du-
buque, Iowa, W. C. Brown Co., 234 pp.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. lv

Order

Family

Stage

Ephemeroptera

Ecdyuriidae

5 naiads

Ephemerellidae

1 naiad

Trichoptera

Hydropsychidae

5 larvae

Philopotamidae

2 larvae

Rhyacophilidae

1 larva

Odonata

eggs common

Hemiptera

Veliidae

adults common

Gerridae

adults common

Coleoptera

Gyrillidae

1 adult

Psephenidae

1 larva

Diptera

Culicidae

Anopheles spp.

Chironomidae

13 larvae
6 pupal exuviae

Station 2. (Fig. 2.) Newark, E. Branch of Christiana Creek,
July 10, 1958; medium-sized stream 10 to 25 feet wide and 3 inches
to 4 feet deep, cool, clear water ; sand, gravel and stone bottom, also

large rocks ; stream

bordered by woodland,

lawn and pasture ;

blackfly immatures attached to twigs and branches ; S. tuberosum,

S. venustum complex
insects :

and S. vittatum taken in

12 collections; other

Order

Family

Stage

Ephemeroptera

Baetidae

4 naiads

Trichoptera

Hydropsychidae

6 larvae

Philopotamidae

2 larvae

Rhyacophilidae

3 larvae

Odonata

Libellulidae

1 naiad

Hemiptera

Veliidae

adults common

Gerridae

adults common

Diptera

Chironomidae

49 larvae

15 pupal exuviae
Dolichopodidae 1 larva, 3 pupae

Station 3. (Fig. 3.) Pleasant Hill, Pike Creek, July 12, 1958;
small stream 4 to 6 feet wide and 3 inches to 3 feet deep, cool, clear
water with gravel, stone and rock bottom ; stream bordered by road-
side, pasture, woodland, brush and weeds ; blackfly immatures at-
tached to rocks, sticks and grass ; S. decorum , S. tuberosum , S.

June, 1960 Bulletin o] the Brooklyn Entomological Society

venustum complex and S', vittatum taken in 2 collections ; other
insects :

Order

Family

, . - Stage

Ephemeroptera

Ecdyuriidae

2 naiads

Ephemerellidae

2 naiads

Trichoptera

Hydropsychidae

10 larvae

Philopotamidae

1 larva

Rhyacophilidae

1 larva

Diptera

Chironomidae

8 larvae

Station 4. (Fig. 4.) Glasgow, Muddy Run, July 13, 1958;
small stream 8 to 10 feet wide and 3 inches to 3 feet deep, water
muddy from recent rain, sand and rock bottom ; stream bordered
by woodland and meadow ; blackfly immatures attached to leaves,
logs, aquatic vegetation; S', aureum, S. jenningsi, S. tuberosum, S.
venustum complex, S', verecundum, and S', vittatum taken in 3 col-
lections ; other insects : Odonata — eggs common ; Diptera — Chi-
ronomidae, 19 larvae and 17 pupal exuviae.

Station 6. Coochs Bridge, Christiana Creek, July 13, 1958;
river 20 to 30 feet wide and 6 inches to unknown depth in middle,
water muddy from recent rain, coarse gravel, stone and rock bot-
tom ; stream bordered by picnic area and pasture ; blackfly im-
matures attached to rocks ; S', vittatum taken in 1 collection ; other
insects: Trichoptera, Hydropsychidae — 1 larva; Diptera, Culicidae
— Anopheles spp.

Station 8. (Fig. 5.) Newark, N. Branch of Persimmon Run,
July 19, 1958; medium-sized stream 12 to 20 feet wide and 3 inches
to 3 feet deep, cool, clear water, sand, gravel, stone and rock bot-
tom ; stream bordered by woodland ; blackfly immatures attached
to rocks ; S', tuberosum, S. venustum complex and S', vittatum taken
in 2 collections ; other insects :

Order

Ephemeroptera

Trichoptera

Odonata

Hemiptera

Diptera

Family

Ecdyuriidae

Hydropsychidae

Aeschnidae

Gerridae

Chironomidae

Stage

2 naiads
5 larvae
1 naiad

adults common
1 larva

Station 12. Newark, White Clay Creek, July 12, 1958; river
50 feet wide and 6 inches to unknown depth in middle, clear water ;
sand, gravel, stone and rock bottom ; stream bordered by pasture,

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society VoL LV

brush, factory and power plant ; blackfly immatures attached to
rocks and plywood ; S. vittatum taken in 2 collections ; other insects :

Order

Family

Stage

Ephemeroptera

Baetidae

3 naiads

Siphonuridae

3 naiads

Trichoptera

Hydropsychidae

1 larva

Neuroptera

Sialidae

1 larva

Coleoptera

Dytiscidae

1 larva

Diptera

Chironomidae

6 larvae

Dolichopodidae

3 pupae

Station 15.

Glasgow, Muddy Run, July 14,

1958 ; a rill 1 to 2

feet wide and 3 to 6 inches deep with clear, cool water ; gravel and
rock bottom ; run bordered by woodland, rye and pasture ; black-

fly immatures

attached to rocks ; S', aureum ,

S', tuberosum and

S', venustum complex taken in 2 collections ; other insects :

Order

Family

Stage

Trichoptera

Hydropsychidae

4 larvae

Odonata

eggs on leaf

Coleoptera

Dytiscidae

3 adults

Diptera

Chironomidae

2 larvae

Station 16. (Fig. 6.) Glasgow, Zeitler Dam, July 14, 1958;
collection site was a board leaning against the dam breast, on which
a trickle of water ran ; dam bordered by pasture and brush ; blackfly
immatures attached to board; 5. decorum taken in 1 collection;
other insects : Diptera, Chironomidae — 7 larvae.

Station 17. Glasgow, near Sunset Lake, July 14, 1958; rill 1 to
2 feet wide and 6 inches to 1 foot deep, cool, clear water, light gravel
and silt bottom ; run bordered by pasture ; blackfly immatures at-
tached to bark, leaves, trailing grass and aquatic vegetation; S.
aureum and S'. vittatum taken in 2 collections ; other insects :
Diptera, Chironomidae — 3 larvae and 2 pupal exuviae.

Station 18. Milford Crossroads, Branch of Middle Run, July
16, 1958 ; small stream 4 to 6 feet wide and 2 inches to 3 feet deep ;
gravel and rock bottom ; stream bordered by woodland ; blackfly
immatures attached to leaves and rocks ; S', tuberosum taken in 2
collections; other insects: Trichoptera, Philopotamidae — 6 larvae;
Coleoptera, Psephenidae — 3 larvae ; Diptera, Chironomidae — 9
larvae.

June, 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Station 19. Milford Crossroads, Branch of Middle Run, July
16, 1958; small stream 6 to 10 feet wide and 4 inches to 3 feet deep,
warm, murky, slow-moving water ; sand, gravel, stone and rock
bottom ; stream bordered by pasture and brush ; blackfly immatures
attached to leaves and rocks ; 5. venustum complex and S'. vittatum
taken in 2 collections; other insects: Trichoptera, Philopotamidae —
1 larva ; Diptera, Chironomidae — 29 larvae and 3 pupal exuviae.

Station 20. (Fig. 7.) Porter, Belltown Run, July 19, 1958;
small stream 2 to 8 feet wide and 3 inches to 3 feet deep ; cool, clear
water, sand and stone bottom ; stream bordered by overgrown
pasture and woodland ; blackfly immatures attached to trailing grass
and aquatic vegetation ; 5. aureum , S. venustum complex, S. vere-
cundum and S. vittatum taken in 4 collections ; other insects :
Trichoptera, Philopotamidae — 1 larva; Hemiptera, Notonectidae
— adults common; Diptera, Chironomidae — 29 larvae and 3 pupal
exuviae.

Station 21. Newark, S. Branch of Persimmon Run, July 19,
1958; small stream 3 to 10 feet wide and 2 inches to 1 foot deep,
cool, murky water, gravel and rock bottom ; stream bordered by
overgrown pasture and woodland ; blackfly immatures attached to
rocks ; S. aureum, S. tuberosum and 6'. venustum complex taken
in one collection ; other insects :

Order

Ephemeroptera
T richoptera

Odonata

Hemiptera

Family

Ecdyuriidae

Hydropsychidae

Aeschnidae

Gerridae

Stage
2 naiads

1 larva
1 stone case

1 naiad

adults common

The largest number of Simuliid species was taken from Muddy
Run, Glasgow on July 13, 1958. Six of the seven species collected
during the survey, were identified from this one site. Also, the
larvae and pupae were attached to the widest assortment of objects.

Discussion

Blackfly habitats in Delaware appear to vary somewhat from
those of other areas. In New York and Rhode Island, S', vittatum
was found primarily in outlets of lakes, dams and swamps (Stone
and Jamnback, 1955; Dimond and Hart, 1953) but it occurs in
Canada and Alaska in rivers and larger streams as in Delaware
(Twinn, 1936; Jenkins, 1948). The S. venustum complex seems

■58

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

to prefer small streams in most of. its range ; only Hocking and
Richards ( 1952) report it from large rivers as well as small streams.
O’Kane (1926) found S . aureum, listed as 6'. bracteatum Coq., in
intermittent streams, which is similar to two of the three places,
where it was taken in Delaware, and in Canada (Twinn, 1936).
Stone and Jamnback (1955) and Jenkins (1948) recorded it from
permanent waters. All are agreed that S', decorum breeds near the
outlets of dams, lakes and pools, although one Delaware larva was
collected from a small stream (Stone and Jamnback, 1955 ; Hocking
and Richards, 1952; Jenkins, 1948).

The blackfly larvae appear to be non-selective as to the substrata
used for attachment. Stones, live aquatic vegetation, dead leaves,
twigs, branches and wood, and other debris are the five categories
into which attachment sites in Delaware can be classed. Dimond and
Hart (1953) found A. vittatum and S'. venustum and Peterson
(1959), S', aureum (as Eusimulium aureum Fries), more often on
plant material. In our study, the former two species were attached
to live vegetation and to dead leaves, each, about 19 percent of the
total collections and the latter 55 percent of the total. Eggs and
presumably larvae, of the same two blackflies were taken from
plants, stones, logs, and other objects by Wu (1931).

The number of times two species were found in the same habitat
is depicted in Table 2. Three species were taken in pure culture,
but in most instances they occurred in association. S'. vittatum and
S. aureum with S', venustum complex was the combination most

Explanation of Plate

Fig. 1, Northern New Castle County, Delaware, showing the
western branches of the Christiana River and the location of the
blackfly collecting stations. Those encircled were positive. Fig. 2,
Station 2, East Branch of the Christiana River, near Newark,
breeding place of S', tuberosum, S. venustum, and S. Vittatum.
Fig. 3, Station 3, Pike Creek, near Pleasant Hill, breeding place
of S', decorum, S. tuberosum, S. venustum and S', vittatum. Fig. 4,
Station 4, Muddy Run, near Glasgow, breeding place of S', aureum,
S. jenningsi, S. tuberosum, S. venustum, S. verecundum and S.
vittatum. Fig. 5, Station 8, North Branch of Persimmon Run, near
Newark, breeding place of S', tuberosum, S. venustum, and S', vit-
tatum. Fig. 6, Station 16, Zeitler Dam, near Glasgow, breeding
place of S', decorum. Fig. 7, Station 20, Belltown Run, near
Porter, breeding place of S. aureum, S. venustum, S. verecundum
and S', vittatum.

June, 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

#MS!

CREES-

RUN/
. 1 /Xi
WHITE CLAYpf
CREEKXAl/

:.:'V;'C'A:ST

• SRARClrl
CHRIST fAfsIA*
',';TCREEK> ;

PERSIMMON
, - RUN"”

US^iSELLTOWN

XT-'RUN

60 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society VoL Lv

Table 1. Record of association of blackfly larvae and
in their Christiana River habitats, Delaware, 1958

pupae

Species

S', penning si

S'. tuberosum

S', aureum

S. decorum

S. penning si

S. tuberosum

S . venustum

S. verecundum

S. vittatum

frequently encountered. These are common incidents through-
out their ranges (Wu, 1931; Jenkins, 1948; DeFoliart, 1951;
Dimond and Hart, 1953). Whereas this multiple species relation-
ship appears to be the rule in Delaware, Jenkins (1948), dealing
with larger numbers, considered it the exception. He believed that
they exhibited specificity to typical habitats.

The sampling of other arthropods from blackfly larval habitats
was reported by Jamnback and Collins (1955). All of the insect
orders recorded by us plus Plecoptera and Lepidoptera were col-
lected by them. Actually the stoneflies were the most abundant
non-Simuliid encountered in their study, while they were apparently
absent from the Christiana River stations.

Hocking and Richards (1952) collected other insects, but from
blackfly adult, rather than larval, habitats. There were, therefore,
few coincidences with our collections. They indicated that P.
hirtipes and S\ venustum were the most important pests of man in
Northern Canada, that C. mntata and N. aureum only rarely at-
tacked man, and that 3'. vittatum was a doubtful pest species. De-
Foliart (1951) and Stone and Jamnback (1955) are essentially in
agreement. In addition, they do not consider S', decorum a pest.

The authors could speculate about which species of blackflies
should have been, and probably will be, found in Delaware, but that
might be confusing to the reader. Suffice it to say that we believe,
on the basis of the distributional data given by McComb and Bickley
(1959), Stone and Jamnback (1955), Nicholson and Mickel

June, 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

(1950), Frost (1949), and Twinn (1936), that at least 17 species

of Simuliidae will eventually be found in Delaware. Larval surveys

in the spring and fall months will undoubtedly encounter some of

these species.

Literature Cited

DeFoliart, G. R. 1951. The life histories, identification and
control of blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the Adiron-
dack Mountains. Ph.D. thesis, Cornell Univ., 98 pp.

Dimond, J. B. & W. G. Hart. 1953. Notes on the blackflies
(Simuliidae) of Rhode Island. Mosq. News 13(4) : 238-
242.

Frost, S. W. 1949. The Simuliidae of Pennsylvania (Dipt.).
Ent. News 60(5) : 129-131.

Hocking, B. & W. R. Richards. 1952. Biology and control
of Labrador blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae). Bui. Ent.
Res. 43 : 237-257.

Jamnback, H. & D. L. Collins. 1955. The control of black-
flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in New York. N. Y. State
Mus. Bui. No. 350, 113 pp.

Jenkins, D. W. 1948. Ecological observations on the black-
flies and punkies of Central Alaska. Mosq. News 8(4) :
148-154.

McComb, C. W. & W. E. Bickley. 1959. Observations on
blackflies in two Maryland counties. Jour. Econ. Ent.
52(4) : 629-632.

Nicholson, H. & C. E. Mickel. 1950. The blackflies of Min-
nesota. Minn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 192, 144 pp.

O’Kane, W. C. 1926. Blackflies of New Hampshire. N. H.
Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bui. 32, 23 pp.

Peterson, B. V. 1959. Notes on the biology of some species
of Utah blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae). Mosq. News
19(2) : 86-90.

Stone, A. & H. A. Jamnback. 1955. The blackflies of New
York State (Diptera: Simuliidae). N. Y. State Mus. Bui.
No. 349. 144 pp.

Twinn, C. R. 1936. The blackflies of Eastern Canada (Simu-
liidae, Diptera). Can. Jour. Res. D. 14: 97-150.

Wu, Yi Fang. 1931. A contribution to the biology of
Simulium (Diptera). Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci., Arts, and
Letters. 13:543-599.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

SOME BIRDS OF URUGUAY PARASITIZED BY
ORNITHOCTONA ERYTHROCEPHALA
(DIPTERA, HIPPOBOSCIDAE)

By Rodolfo Escalante1

In The Hippoboscidae or Louse-Flies of Mammals and Birds
(Entomologica Americana, 1954 and 1956) Dr. Joseph C. Bequaert
includes Uruguay within the range of Ornithoctona erythrocephala
with records of only three specimens as follows : one specimen as a
parasite on Columba picazuro from Laguna Mirim and two speci-
mens on Buteo magnirostris gularis from Rocha and Montevideo.

In this article are considered some birds of Uruguay whose skins
are in my personal collection and from which louse-flies were col-
lected or observed by the author. The parasitized birds were ob-
tained within an area of about 15,000 square kilometers in eastern
Uruguay near the Brazilian boundary and on the Atlantic coast.
There, highlands are scarce ; a great number of large lagoons are
surrounded by grassy lowlands and marshes. The climate is tem-
perate and with high humidity.

In the following list of hosts and parasites, wherever the col-
lector’s name is omitted the specimen may be assumed to have been
collected by the author. For scientific and common English names
of birds, Catalogue of Birds of the Americas and Adjacent Islands
by Hellmayr and Conover (Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool., XIII, Pt.
1, N. 4, 1949) was used.

Buteo magnirostris pucherani (= B. m. gularis), Pucheran’s
Large Billed Hawk. Gavilan Bobo. — On September 23, 1953, one
adult female was procured in Coronilla (Departamento de Rocha,
Km. 315, No. 9 Road). On this bird were found two specimens of
O. erythrocephala. These flies were given by the author to Luis P.
Barattini’s Collection of Diptera (Montevideo) and were seen by
Dr. J. C. Bequaert who has reported them in the reference cited
above. His citation of Montevideo as the collection locality for one
of the specimens is in error.

On September 24, 1953, one adult male bird was killed at Km.
195 of No. 13 Road near Cerro do los Potros (Departamento de
Maldonado). In this instance another specimen of the louse-fly
was taken. This parasite and the following one identified by the
author were sent as a gift to the U. S. National Museum (Smith-
sonian Institution) where the identification was checked by Dr.
Stone.

1 Juan Benito Blanco 1030, Apto. 201, Montevideo, Uruguay.

June> 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

On February 9, 1954, one young female was shot on the eastern
slope of Punta Ballena (Departamento de Maldonado). Another
fly was caught on this bird.

All of the birds were skinned immediately after death and the
parasites were seen on base of thighs, uropygium, rump and anal
region. They moved swiftly among the feathers finally assuming a
position with the dorsal surface against the skin of the bird and
grasping very strongly the shafts and barbs of the feathers with
their limbs.

Buteo fuscescens fuscescens ( =B . melanoleucus melanoleucus) ,
Buzzard Eagle. Aguila Gris. — On August 14, 1954, Roberto
Penagaricano sent me an adult male bird from Sierra de Otazo (De-
partamento de Treinta y Tres). When I opened the shipping box
I found a specimen of 0. erythrocephala on the upper wing coverts.

Two other specimens of 0. erythrocephala were collected by the
author on a subadult male of this hawk collected by Mr. Penagari-
cano in the same locality on April 15, 1955. These flies left the
body of the host, flying in the room where I was working. Their
flight was jerky, straight and quick. Both flies alighted on the
curtain of a window grasping tenaceously to the cloth.

Otus choliba choliba , Choliba Screech Owl. Coruja o Lechucita.
— On July 16, 1955 an adult female was shot in Pinares de Porte-
zuelo, near Laguna del Sauce (Departamento de Maldonado, Km.
128, No. 9 Road). Having put this little owl near me in my car, I
saw, after a time, on the external surface of the plumage of the
owl’s head a louse-fly with the conspicuous red eyes and dull green-
ish abdomen of O. erythrocephala. It flashed away at high speed
through the window of my car.

Circus cyaneus cinereus, Cinereus Harrier. Gavilan Ceniciento.
— Enrique Gomez Haedo sent me one juvenile male harrier on May
18, 1957, from marshes near Laguna Negra (Departamento de
Rocha). From the surface of the bird’s head I obtained another
fly.

Remarks. — According to the facts mentioned above it seems
that Ornithoctona erythrocephala can be considered to be endemic
in Uruguay because it has been collected all the year round on na-
tive birds. Punta Ballena (Departamento de Maldonado) at 35
degrees south latitude is the southernmost locality recorded for the
parasite on the eastern coast of South America.

I express my gratefulness to Dr. Alan Stone (U. S. National
Museum) who has checked the identifications for me. I am also
indebted to Dr. George S. Tulloch (Brooklyn Entomological So-
ciety) and Dr. Maurice T. James (State College of Washington)
who courteously put me in touch with Dr. Stone.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LV

THE APHIDS THAT FEED ON CACTI

By Mortimer D. Leonard, Washington, D. C.

In 1959, Dr. W. R. Enns of the Department of Entomology of
the University of Missouri sent me some aphids he had collected in
Henderson, Nebraska, on May 15, 1958, on an orchid cactus, Epi-
phyllum sp. Since this cactus is not listed in Patch’s Food Plant
Catalog of Aphids of the World and little is known about aphids
-on cacti, my interest was aroused to find out what aphids occur on
this group of plants and under what circumstances.

There follows an analysis of what little literature there appears
to be on this subject and such additional unpublished information
as I have been able to obtain.

My thanks are due to Dr. F. G. Meyer of New Crops Research,
Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Maryland, for checking the valid-
ity of the names of the cacti mentioned in this paper.

Myzus persicae (Sulzer). — The aphids received from Dr. Enns
proved to be the widespread and polyphagous green peach aphid,
Myzus persicae Sulzer. He states that these came from a single
specimen of Epiphyllum growing in his mother’s old home and that
none of several adjacent plants of other kinds had any aphids. The
cactus had a considerable infestation on the buds and flowers.

In 1908, Gillette and Taylor published Colorado Agricultural
Experiment Station Bulletin 133 entitled “A Few Orchard Plant
Lice.” In their discussion of Myzus persicae Sulzer, a list of plants
is given on which this aphid had been found establishing colonies
in the greenhouse, (presumably at Ft. Collins). One of the plants
listed is Opuntia sp.

On April 10, 1960, Dr. L. L. Pechuman of Lockport, N. Y., col-
lected Myzus persicae (Sulzer) on hybrids of an orchid cactus,
Epiphyllum sp. in a greenhouse at Lyndonville, N. Y. He states
that the aphids were only on two plants and that they were re-
stricted to the opening buds on which they were abundant.

Fordamyrmecaria Boisduval.— Boisduval (France) in his “Essai
sur l’Entomologie Horticole” on page 278 (1867) states that a
root aphid, probably For da myrmecaria is found at the base of
“cactus, Fuchsia, Lantana, Cuphea, etc.” growing in greenhouse
benches and in flower pots in the garden.

Aphis fabae Scopoli. — L. Macchiati (Italy) in “Fauna e Flora
degli Aphidi di Calabria” on page 256, Boll. Soc. Ent. Italiana 15,
1883, states that Aphis fabae Scop, (as A. papaveris Fab.) is very
common in the spring on Opuntia vulgaris Mill, as well as on cer-

June, 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

tain other plants around Reggio.

Aphis rumicis L. — Wilson and Vickery in “A Species List of
the Aphididae of the World and their Recorded Food Plants”
(Wise. Acad. Sci., Arts and Letters, Trans. XIX, pt. 1) list Aphis
rumicis L. as occurring on Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. Since
this aphid, as now defined, is considered to be confined only to
species of Rumex it is suggested that the species here referred to
could be Aphis fabae Scop, or riiaybe A. medicaginis Koch.

Aphis spiraecola Patch. — In 1929, Ralph L. Miller published
University of Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin
203 entitled “A Contribution to the Biology and Control of the
Green Citrus Aphis, Aphis spiraecola Patch.” In this (p. 435) he
states that in Florida this aphid has been reported from the lemon
vine, Pereskia aculeata (Plum.) Mill. In order to further substan-
tiate this mere statement, I wrote Dr. A. N. Tissot, Entomologist
of the Agricultural Experiment Station at Gainesville, Florida.
Under date of October 1, 1959, he replied as follows:

“It seems pretty certain that there are no slides of material col-
lected by Ralph Miller. He did not send the material to me for
identification or there would be slides of it in the collection here.
Although Ralph was not much interested in the taxonomy of the
aphids, he undoubtedly knew spiraecola well enough to make sight
identifications of it. On the other hand it is also possible that his
statement was based on collections by some other person. In the
collection here there are five slides of spiraecola taken on Pereskia
aculeata in Orlando by Erdman West on October 10, 1929. This
collection probably was made after Ralph’s bulletin was published.
Also in the collection are three slides of specimens collected by R.
J. Wilmot in Gainesville on December 4, 1934.

“Erdman West says that Pereskia is an introduced plant which
is fairly common in southern Florida. In average winters it will
survive out of doors as far north as Orlando bu.t would be killed
in Gainesville. That means that the Wilmot collection was made
in the greenhouse though the slides do not so indicate. West and
I clearly remember the plant on which the aphids probably were
found. It over-ran one side of a greenhouse for several years.

“You asked if spiraecola is scarce or abundant on Pereskia. The
fact that there are only two collections represented by slides and
the one published record indicates that it is far from common. I
have inquired at the State Plant Board and found that they have no
records of spiraecola on Pereskia

Aphis craccivora Koch. — -Tissot continues in the above-mentioned
letter: “You, asked only about spiraecola but I am sure you will

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LV

be interested in another aphid record from Pereskia. A couple of
years ago Frank Robinson of this Department, who is interested in
honey plants, put out some plants of P. aculeata at our test area.
A frame and plastic shelter was provided for them and they sur-
vived last winter without much cold injury. The plants grew very
rapidly this summer and it was necessary to prune them frequently
to keep them in bounds. One day while pruning, our helper noticed
a colony of aphids on a tender tip which he brought to me. At first
glance I took it to be Toxoptera aurantii but they did not look quite
right for that species so I made a few color notes before putting the
specimens in alcohol. Being busy then and since, I practically for-
got about the aphids until your letters came. Eventually, I found
time to mount them for study. They proved to be Aphis medi-
caginis Koch following Palmer.1 It was a bit surprising to find
this aphid on Pereskia though it is a very general feeder of course.
There are some black locust trees within 100 feet of the Pereskia
plants and cowpeas were growing all about the place. The aphids
were collected August 5, 1959 by J. M. Brown. He has pruned
the plants several times before and since he found the aphids and
has never seen another colony. This colony was a well-established
one. I preserved 15 apterous adults and discarded nymphs. Mr.
Brown was sure that there were no alates in the colony and I found
no nymphs with wing pads.”

P entalonia nigronervosa Coquerel. — G. H. Hardy, in his paper
“Aphididae in Australia” (Proc. Royal Soc. Queensland 43:31,
1932) in noting the food plants of P entalonia nigronervosa Co-
querel makes the following statement: “ Opuntia inermis (now 0.
stricta (Haw.) growing alongside bananas infested with the aphis,
were alighted upon and colonies started on the buds and continued
to thrive as long as the flowers flourished. As soon as the sap-
flow ceased, though the petioles had scarcely time to wither and
fall, the colonies died. Apparently they can thrive on the pear only
on the flower heads.”

1 In April 1960 Miss Louise Russell, Entomology Research Di-
vision, ARS, USD A, examined slides of this aphid submitted to
her by Dr. Tissot and found that the specimens are Aphis craccivora
Koch which has been shown to be a rather general feeder in Europe.
It has been misidentified in American collections of A. medi-
caginis Koch which is now considered to be confined only to the
Leguminosa^.

June, 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

A NEW SUBGENUS AND TWO NEW SPECIES OF
PSEUDIASTATA COQUILLETT (DIPTERA,
DROSOPHILIDAE)

By Marshall R. Wheeler1

The genus Pseudiastata , described by Coquillett (1908), contains
five described species from the United States, Central and South
America. As far as is known, they are all predators on pineapple
mealybugs. Their general biology and distribution have been most
recently discussed by Sabrosky (1951) and Hardy (1959). These
five species constitute the nominate subgenus, the type species of
the genus (P. nebulosa Coquillett) also being the type of the sub-
genus Pseudiastata.

Members of the new subgenus described below show many sim-
ilarities to the nominate subgenus. In both the arista is micro-
pubescent, the face is narrow and rather flat, and the palpi are
small. The postvertical bristles are only moderately well-devel-
oped, while the ocellar bristles are quite small and proclinate to
mildly cruciate. The three orbital bristles are large and strong and
are conspicuous on the narrowed front (Figs. 1,2). The eyes are
large and bare, the cheeks being correspondingly narrow. The
posterior dorsocentral bristles are not in line with the anterior ones,
but are clearly moved laterad, simulating the condition seen in
many genera of Ephydridae. The prescutellar and sutural bristles
are strong, while a propleural bristle is absent. The costal index
is high, typically 4.0 or higher.

Pseudiastata Hyalistata, n. subg.

The type species of this new subgenus is Pseudiastata ( Hyali-
stata) pictiventris Wheeler, described below. The name Hyalistata
was coined to suggest a hyaline-winged Pseudiastata- like group,
and is feminine.

In this subgenus the wings are entirely hyaline, lacking the com-
plex patterns characteristic of the typical subgenus, and the costal
index is higher (6.0 or more). The pubescence of the arista is
thicker and longer. The middle femur has a row of stout black
bristles along its outer edge. The front is narrower and more
sparsely haired, and the anterior orbital bristles are truly proclinate
and are located nearer the middle of the front (Fig. 2) ; in the sub-
genus Pseudiastata they are located just behind the lunule and are

1 Department of Zoology, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LV

nearly cruciate (Fig, 1). The abdomen shows some degree of a
darker pattern, while in members of the subgenus Pseudiastata it
is wholly pale.

Little is known of the biology of the species of Hyalistata. The
Trinidad specimens bear labels reading “associated with Psyllid on
Guava leaf," and one of the Florida specimens is labelled “at Avi-
cennia nitida,} (the Black Mangrove) and may prove to be associ-
ated with some homopterous insect pest of this plant.

Pseudiastata (Hyalistata) pictiventris, n. sp.

<$, §. Front twice as long as wide, light brown but paler on the
orbits and blackish in ocellar area. Frontal bristles as shown in
Fig. 2 ; ocellars small, aligned with anterior ocellus ; the two recli-
nate orbitals of nearly equal length but posterior one stouter ; pro-
clinate orbital length anterior reclinate, the distance between
their bases about )/3 that between the two reclinates. Antennae
tan, third segment rather large. Face as narrow as front, pale ;
vibrissa single, strong; cheeks, palpi and clypeus all pale.

Mesonotum tan, more yellowish behind and on scutellum ; acros-
tichal hairs numerous. Pleura and legs yellowish tan; halteres
pale. Wings hyaline, the veins dark. Costal index about 6.0 ; 4th
vein index about 1.3.

Abdominal pattern somewhat Leucophenga- like ; that of the
female allotype is shown in Fig. 3. The 6th segment is probably
all dark but it is telescoped rather far beneath the 5th. The ob-
dominal pattern of the holotype male is obscured due to internal
discoloration, but it appears to lack the black areas of segment 3
and those of the 4th and 5th segments are smaller than on the
female. The 6th is pale above, dark on the sides ; the anal plates
are yellow.

Body length (§) about 3.0 mm., wing, 3.0 mm.

Holotype male, U. S. National Museum collection, labelled:
“Cuernavaca, Mor. Mexico, IV. 1945"; “N. L. Krauss." Allotype
female, Canadian National Collection, labelled : “Homestead, Fla.,
4-IV-1952; G. S. Walley." A second male (USNM) from Ever-
glades National Park, Dade Co., Fla., H. A. Denmark, 12 III 1955,
“at Avicennia nitida’, may also represent this species, but the ab-
domen appears to be wholly black except for a pair of pale lines
on the 5th segment, one on each side of the midline.

Pseudiastata (Hyalistata) pallida, n. sp.

Similar to pictiventris but smaller and paler. Mesonotum
light tan, including pleura and scutellum. Front narrow, tan,

June, 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

darkened in ocellar area. Cheeks very narrow. Antennae, face,
cheeks, proboscis and palpi yellow. Legs wholly yellow. Wings
hyaline, the veins pale except for the costa. Costal index 7.0 or a
little higher; 4th vein index about 1.3.

Abdomen yellowish with a few poorly-defined brownish marks.
One specimen shows three such areas on the 4th segment, an elon-
gate median one and a sublateral spot on each side basally ; the 5th
segment has a weak median spot basally, and a larger, more distinct
brown area at extreme lateral margin. On the second specimen no
markings are visible on the 4th segment, but the 5th has the marks
described above.

Body length 2.2 mm ; wing, 2.2 mm.

Holotype male and paratype male, U. S. National Museum col-
lection, labelled : “associated with Psyllid on Guava leaf” ; “St.
Augustine, Trinidad, B.W.I., March 17, 1954”; “collector F. D.
Bennett.”

Fig. 1, Pseudiastata (P.) pseudococcivora Sabrosky, frontal
bristles. Fig. 2, Pseudiastata (H.) pictiventris n. sp., frontal
bristles. Fig. 3, Pseudiastata ( H .) pictiventris n. sp., abdominal
pattern of allotype female, dorso-lateral view.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society VoL LV

References

Coquillett, D. W. 1908. New genera and species of Diptera.

Proc. Wash. Ent. Soc. 9: 144-148.

Hardy, D. E. 1959. A review of the genus Pseudiastata Coquil-
lett (Drosophilidae, Diptera). Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc. 17: 76-
82.

Sabrosky, C. W. 1951. Two new species of Pseudiastata (Dipt.,
Drosophilidae) predacious on the pineapple mealybug. Bui.
Ent. Research 41 : 623-627.

NOTES ON BUPRESTIDAE AND SCHIZOPODIDAE

By G. H. Nelson1
Buprestidae

Because the spring and summer reasons of 1959 were abnor-
mally dry in Southern California, the general scarcity of some of
the species of Buprestidae was expected. However, several species
that are usually only rarely taken occurred in some numbers.
Notes on the habits of these and other Buprestidae including new
host records for some species previously recorded, Nelson, 1959,
Bui. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 54(1) : 21-24, are presented here. Thanks
are due Messrs. D. S. Verity, G. C. Walters, R. L. Westcott and
Dr. R. L. Schultz for allowing the writer to make their collections
known.

Acmaeodera pullata Cazier, 1940, Wasmann Collector 4(2) :
57, 58. — One specimen was beaten from Quercus dumosa Nutt,
at Pinyon Flats, Riverside Co., Calif., May 30, 1959, by R. L.
Westcott and two were taken from Ceanothus sp. at Boulevard,
San Diego Co., Calif., June 26, 1959, by D. S. Verity.

Acmaeodera aurora Fall, 1922, Bui. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 17 : 88. —
Eight specimens of this colorful species were taken by R. L. West-
cott during 1959 at Mountain Springs, Imperial Co., Calif., four
on June 28 and four on July 4. Three from the former date were

1 Department of Anatomy, College of Medical Evangelists, Loma
Linda, California.

June, 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

taken from Acacia greggii Gray flowers while all other specimens
were taken from Juniperus sp. One specimen was collected at
Mountain Springs by D. S. Verity on Eriogonum fasciculatum
Benth.

Acmaeodera fisheri vermiculata Knull, 1947, Ohio Jour. Sci.
47 : 174. — This was taken in good series in Riverside Co., Calif.,
in the following places during 1959 : 2.5 mi. S. Palm Desert, June
18 and 23; Palm Desert, June 25; North Palm Springs, June 21
and 23. All were taken from the blossoms and stems of Eriogonum
inflatum Torr. & Frem. D. S. Verity took a series of 25 of this
subspecies from dead twigs of Hyptis emoryi Torr. near Palm
Desert and two specimens at Mountain Springs, San Diego Co.,
Calif., June 7, 1959, on E. inflatum.

Acmaeodera palmarum Timberlake, 1939, Pan-Pac. Ent. 15: 181.
— A few of this species were collected 4 mi. E. of Big Pine, Inyo
Co., Calif., May 25 and 26, 1959, and good series were taken in
Riverside Co., Calif., at the following places and dates during 1959
by R. L. Schultz, G. C. Walters and the writer: 2.5 mi. S. of Palm
Desert, June 18 to 25 ; 5 mi. N. of Palm Springs, June 21 ; North
Palm Springs, June 21 and 23. The darker elytral markings are
more pronounced on some of the specimens from Inyo Co. and one
has the darker markings predominant. The males range from
3.4 to 5.0 mm. in length, the females from 3.6 to 5.5 mm. All of
the above were taken from the blossoms of Eriogonum inflatum
Torr. & Frem. D. S. Verity has taken four of this species from
dead twigs of Hyptis emoryi Torr. near Palm Desert, Calif.

Acmaeoderoides insignis (Horn), 1894, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.,
ser. 2, 4 : 377. — Many of this interesting little species were collected
on Eriogonum inflatum Torr. & Frem. in Riverside Co., Calif.,
during 1959 at the following places and dates : 2.5 mi. S. of Palm
Desert, June 16 and 18; 5 mi. N. of Palm Springs, June 21 ; North
Palm Springs, June 21 and 23. The dark elytral markings vary
from being confined to the suture and lateral margins to forming
irregular transverse fasciae across the posterior two thirds. The
males and females both range in length from 3.5 to 5.0 mm,

Hippomelas ( Nanularia ) brunneata Knull, 1947, Ent. News
58: 210. — This rather widespread species was collected on the
stems of Eriogonum inflatum Torr. & Freni, in small numbers
during 1959 in Riverside Co., Calif, at the following places: 2.5
mi. S. of Palm Desert, June 18; 3 mi. S. of Palm Desert, June 25 ;
Palm Desert, June 30; North Palm Springs, June 21 and 23.
D. S. Verity took two specimens at Jacumba, San Diego Co.,
Calif.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Juniperella mirabilis Knull, 1947, Ohio Jour. Sci. 47(2) : 69, 70.
— One of the highlights of the 1959 collecting season was the finding
of this strikingly beautiful species. Repeated trips to the type
locality, at 4000 feet in the pass between the San Jacinto and Santa
Rosa Mountains, turned up no specimens. However, on July 9,
while beating Juniperus californica Carr, in the Mojave Desert at
Desert Springs, San Bernardino Co., Calif., a female specimen flew
with a sound similar to a diesel truck revving its engine (a similar-
ity that led to several “false starts” later on). After a circuitous
flight it was netted on the same tree from which it had flown. A
fresh emergence hole was found in the trunk about 12 inches from
the ground. Several trips to the same general area netted a short
series of both sexes. The best method for capturing them seemed
to be by carefully examining the foliage of the juniper trees and
when a beetle was sighted clamping two hands around it. The
beetles flew actively and on becoming disturbed would sometimes
fly completely out of sight. Males were more scarce than females.
Two specimens have the middle two of the four transverse yellow
elytral fasciae united longitudinally. Otherwise, with only slight
variation, the specimens are like the color pattern of the type as
illustrated by Prof. J. N. Knull. Externally the males and females
are much alike. However, while the antennae of the females fail
to reach the posterior angles of the pronotum, those of the males
slightly exceed the angles. The type is evidently a female, judging
from the generic description of the antennae. In the series at hand
the males vary from 16.0 to 18.5 mm. in length and from 6.5 to
8.2 mm. in width while the females vary from 16.0 to 20.5 mm.
in length and from 6.5 to 10.0 mm. in width. Specimens were
taken between July 9 and August 16, 1959, by R. L. Westcott,
R. L. Schultz, G. C. Walters and the writer.

Chrysobothris azurea LeConte, 1857, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
Proc. [9] : 8; 1859, Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans, (n. s.) 11: 239.— A
short series was taken near Whitmore Lake, Livingston Co., Mich.,
between June 14 and July 7, 1956, by beating the dead limbs of
Populus tremuloides Michx. both at night and during the day.

Chrysobothris concinnula LeConte, 1859, Amer. Phil. Soc.
Trans, (n.s.) 11 : 238, 239. — One male of this species was taken by
beating Quercus alba L. 2 mi. N. of Whitmore Lake, Livingston
Co., Mich., July 14, 1956.

Chrysobothris piuta Wickham, 1903, Canad. Ent. 35 : 67-69. —
One male was taken by the writer while beating Ceanothus divari-
catus Nutt., June 8, 1958, 14 mi. N.E. of Redlands, Calif. Other
Calif, records by Verity & Westcott include: San Jacinto M.ts.,

June, 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

July 5, 1958, from Cercocarpus sp.; Boulevard, San Diego Co.,
June 7 and 27, 1959, from Cercocarpus sp. and Ceanothus sp.;
Banner, San Diego Co., June 17, 1958, from Ceanothus sp.; San
Gabriel Mts., July 18, 1959, from Cercocarpus sp.

Chrysobothris parapiuta Knull, 1938, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer.
31 : 138. — One male was taken at Scissors Crossing, E. of Julian,
San Diego Co., Calif., June 7, 1959, while beating dead branches
of Acacia greggii Gray.

Chrysobothris lineatipennis Van Dyke, 1916, Ent. News 27 : 411.
— One of this rare species was taken by D. S. Verity on June 4
and one by R. L. Westcott on July 7, both on Eriogonum fascicu-
latum Benth. in the Santa Montica Mts. near Los Angeles. A
male and female were collected by the writer on the woody stems
of E. fasciculatum 3 mi. E. of Mentone, San Bernardino Co., Calif.,
May 9, 1959.

Chrysobothris Wickhami Fisher, 1942, Misc. Publ. U.S.D.A.
No. 470: 209, 210. — The following are collecting records for this
species from Southern Calif, by Verity, Westcott and the writer:
4 mi. E. of Plaster City, Imperial Co., June 15, 1957; 8 mi. E. of
Holtville, Imperial Co., May 30 and June 24, 1958 ; July 4, 1959;
13 mi. S.W. of Ripley, Riverside Co., June 29, 1957. All were on
Prosopis chilensis (Molina) except for the Riverside Co. record,
which was on P. pubescens Benth.

Chrysobothris cupreohumeralis Van Dyke, 1934, Ent. News 45 :
65, 66. — Two specimens of this uncommon species are in the writ-
er’s collection from Sahuarita, Ariz., April 11, 1947, collected by
H. and M. Townes. D. S. Verity collected two specimens in Calif.,
one on Acacia greggii Gray from the Santa Rosa Mts., 2000 feet
elev., Riverside Co., June 1, 1959, and the other was found dead in
a spider’s web at Mountain Springs, Imperial Co., July 4, 1959.

Chrysobothris biramosa callida Knull, 1958, Ohio Jour. Sci. 58
(2) : 96. — This species was previously erroneously listed as C.
atrifasciata LeConte, Nelson, 1959, Bui. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 54 (1) :
21-24. Thanks are due Prof. J. N. Knull for drawing attention to
this error. C. atrifasciata evidently hasn’t been taken in California
and can easily be separated from C. biramosa callida by the ventral
coloration, bronzy-green in the former, bronzy-brown in the latter.
Another short series of C. biramosa callida was taken during 1959,
one specimen at Palm Springs, Calif., June 16 on Atriplex canes-
cens (Pursh) and several from 1 mi. N. of Mecca, Riverside Co.,
Calif., June 25 on Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.). The males were
generally captured from near the distal end of one of the peripheral
branches while the females were usually deep within the shrub.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LV

Chrysobothris platti Cazier, 1938, Bui. So. Calif. Acad. Sci. 37 :
14, 15. — One of three females taken at Desert Springs, San Bernar-
dino Co., Calif., July 29, 1959, exhibits a faint pattern of blue on
the green elytra similar to C. ulkei LeConte.

Chrysobothris santarosae Knull, 1947, Ohio Jour. Sci. 47 : 70. —
More specimens of this species were taken during 1959. D. S.
Verity, and R. L. Westcott collected about 20 specimens near
Jacumba, San Diego Co., Calif., June 27 and 28, on Ephedra sp.
R. L. Schultz, G. C. Walters and the writer took it at Desert
Springs, San Bernardino Co., July 26 and August 2, 1959 on
Ephedra calif ornica Wats. All of the specimens of this species that
have been taken, as far as the writer knows, have been males and
these on the same Ephedra bushes where female C. platti Cazier
were taken. Further information may show santarosae to be a color
variety of platti.

Agrilus arbuti Fisher, 1928, U.S.N.M. Bui. 145: 50-53.— Rec-
ords of this species from Southern Calif., all on Arctostaphylos sp.,
include: San Bernardino Mts., 5000 feet elevation, 3 mi. S. of
Camp Angelus, June 6 to 20, 1958; 4500 feet elevation, June 28,
1958.

SCHIZOPODIDAE

Dystaxia murrayi cuprea Knull, 1947, Ohio Jour. Sci. 47 : 72. —
The description was made from a single female collected at Cajon
Pass, San Bernardino Co., Calif., June 26, 1941. It was originally
considered to be a subspecies of D. m. murrayi LeConte. How-
ever, both forms were collected equally common on the same trees
by Verity, Westcott, Walters and the writer at the following places
and dates, all during 1959 : The Oaks, Mint Canyon, Los Angeles
Co., July 12-August 2; Soledad Canyon, Los Angeles Co., July 14;
3 mi. W. of Acton Junction, Los Angeles Co., August 2. All speci-
mens, except several at the latter place which were taken on
Juniperus sp., were collected by beating Quercus agrifolia Nee. and
Q. dumosa Nutt. The morphological characteristics of the two
forms appear to be alike including male genitalia, so D. murrayi
cuprea Knull is probably but a colpr variety of D. m. murrayi Le-
Conte.

June, 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

7 5

BIOLOGICAL NOTES ON SEVERAL SOUTH-
WESTERN GROUND-NESTING WASPS
(HYMENOPTERA, SPHECIDAE)

By Karl V. Krombein*

In 1959 I had an opportunity to spend July 17 to 31 in residence
at the Southwestern Research Station, American Museum of Nat-
ural History, near Portal, Arizona.* 1 I spent the first week gather-
ing a large number of nests constructed by solitary wasps and bees
in borings in wooden traps and recording details of the biology and
nest architecture ; this study will be reported in another contribu-
tion. During the second week I made biological notes on some
ground-nesting wasps, and collected wasps and bees, principally on
flowers of Euphorbia albomarginata.

This paper presents the studies on ground-nesting wasps. All
the observations were made on the desert floor, at abou.t 4000 feet
elevation, along the roadside about 3 miles east of Portal.2

Tachytes oxornatus Fox

On July 26 I caught a worn female (72659 B) 19 mm. long at
3: 15 p.m. She was flying with a paralyzed acridid nymph 12.5
mm. long of a species of Conalcea ( ?) .

Cerceris bicornuta fidelis Viereck and Cockerell

At 3 : 10 p.m. on July 24 a female of this species (72459 A) flew
to her burrow entrance several centimeters from the edge of the
road. She dropped a bulky weevil at the entrance, went inside, and
a few seconds later reached out and pulled in the weevil. She had
not emerged when I left 5 minutes later. When I returned at 3 : 38,
she flew out toward the southwest after hesitating a few seconds at
the entrance. Seven minutes later she flew back with another bulky
weevil, apparently of the same species. This time I netted the wasp
with her prey, releasing the former after ascertaining her identity.
The weevil was a species of Eupagoderes 12 mm. long. It occurred

* Entomology Research Division, Agr. Res. Service, U.S.D.A.

1 This work was supported by a grant in aid from the American
Philosophical Society. I am indebted to Director Mont Cazier for
placing at my disposal the excellent facilities of the Station.

2 Identifications of Curculionidae were made by R. E. Warner,
of Miltogrammini by W. L. Downes, Jr., and of Orthoptera by A.
B. Gurney.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LV

rather commonly on foliage of snakeweed ( Gutierrezia sp.). At
5 : 30 this weevil could make weak reflex movements of its tarsi,
mouth parts and antennae, and had voided some excrement.

Four additional provisioning flights on July 26 and 27 required
from 6 to 10 minutes from the time the wasp left the burrow until
she returned with a weevil. She made two flights directly into the
burrow with the weevil, but on the other flights she dropped the
weevil at or near the entrance, entered the burrow, and reached out
a few seconds later to pull in the weevil. On one of the return
flights the wasp was trailed by two miltogrammine flies which
perched on some vegetation near the burrow entrance. I captured
one of these, a female of Senotainia kansensis Tns. ( ?) .

The wasp constructed a closing plug of earth about 20 mm. below
ground level during the afternoon of July 27. I tried unsuccess-
fully to dig up the cells on the 29th. About 25 mm. below the sur-
face the burrow, which was about 15 mm. in diameter, turned at
right angles toward the west and continued downward for 100 mm.
at an angle of 45°. Then it turned toward the southwest at an
angle of 75° for 50 mm., toward the south horizontally for 50 mm.,
downward for 125 mm. at an angle of 30°, and slightly eastward
for 110 mm. at an angle of 30°. About half way down this last
section a subsidiary burrow branched off toward the west at an
angle of 75° ; it ended at a depth of 56 cm. and there was no cell.
The main burrow continued straight downward for 265 mm., then
at an angle of 45° to the south for at least 150 mm.; and then
toward the southeast at about 30° for 75 mm. The burrow appar-
ently ended 75 cm. below the surface. I continued the excavation
to a depth of 90 cm. and 45 cm. in diameter without finding any
cells. At this point I had to abandon the digging because I had
gotten under the road surface.

Typical bicornuta Guerin has been recorded as preying on several
species of billbugs belonging to the genus Calendra. The biology
of that subspecies has been discussed by Rau (1928), Cartwright
(1929), Strandtmann (1945), and Krombein (1953).

Cerceris frontata frontata Say

A female frontata (72959 A) 21 mm. long entered her burrow
at 3:42 p.m. on July 29. The burrow was located in the ditch
along the road about 50 meters east of the burrow of Cerceris bi-
cornuta fidelis described above. The entrance was in a small de-
pression 75 mm. in diameter and 100 mm. in depth. There was a
low pile of loose excavated soil around the entrance, which had
been piled there since the heavy rain of the preceding evening.

June, 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

The wasp left the burrow at 3 : 47 p.m. and flew back 5 minutes
later carrying a weevil. I netted the wasp and prey and released
the former. The weevil was a specimen of Cleonus pulvereus
(Lee.) 11.5 mm. long. It was still thoroughly paralyzed by that
evening and exhibited no reflex movements ; however, it had voided
some fecal pellets.

On Ju,ly 31 at 9 a.m. the burrow was closed from within with a
plug of loose soil, but the entrance was open by 9 : 28. I captured
the wasp at 10: 15 as she crawled out of the depression surround-
ing the burrow entrance. The burrow, which was about 15 mm.
in diameter, was slightly sinuate and went nearly straight down-
ward to a depth of 53 cm. Then it turned at right angles and ran
very slightly upward or horizontally for about 25 cm. About 22
cm. along this horizontal section and 90 mm. to the right of it I cut
into a cell destroying the contents except for one bulky weevil of a
species of Eupagoderes. Another cell 25 mm. further along the
horizontal section and 90 mm. to its right held a half-grown Cer-
ceris larva and about 6 weevils or remains thereof. The boring
then went downward at an angle of 45° for 14.5 cm. and ended
about 64 cm. below the ground surface. There was a third cell
about 1 1 cm. down this last section and 25 mm. to its left ; it con-
tained 6 specimens of Cleonus pulvereus from 10 to 13 mm. long,
one of them with a wasp egg on the thoracic sternum. The cell
was horizontal and about 13 mm. in diameter.

In some notes on the biology of frontata raui Rohwer, Rau
(1928) recorded that subspecies as preying on two weevils, The-
ce st emus humeralis (Say) and Lixus concavus Say.

Eucerceris triciliata Scullen

I discovered a burrow of this species on July 26 about 15 meters
east of the nest of Cerceris bicornuta fidelis discussed above. The
burrow was in the ditch along the roadside on a slight slope.

On July 27 at 4 : 10 p.m. I caught the wasp (72659 A) returning
to her burrow with a small weevil. I kept the weevil and released
the wasp. She returned 9 minutes later with another weevil, which
I took from her also. She flew back again at 4: 33, hovered near
the entrance for several seconds, and then flew in. I did not see
her leave, but 15 minutes later she flew back with another weevil.
At this time the wind was so strong that she could not fly into the
burrow, but landed a short distance from the entrance and crawled
in. Both weevils which I took from the wasp were specimens of
Minyomerus languidus Horn, 3.0 and 3.5 mm. long; the smaller
one could move only its tarsi that evening, and the larger one could

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LV

move its legs and antennae but was unable to walk.

I began to dig up the burrow at 9 : 30 a.m. on July 28. The
ground to a depth of 50 mm. consisted of loose soil with some inter-
mixed gravel; below this was a layer of hardened mud. Several
minutes after starting to dig I caught a newly eclosed female trici-
liata when she tried to leave the burrow. The burrow was 4.5 mm.
in diameter, began on a 15° slope toward the north, went downward
toward the east at an angle of 75° for 50 mm., and then became al-
most perpendicular (85°). Another burrow branched off toward
the south at a depth of about 18 cm. ; the mother triciliata 11.5 mm.
long with greatly eroded mandibles and frayed wings was recovered
from this burrow. At 36 cm. the original burrow turned to the
south at an angle of 60°. I caught a newly eclosed male triciliata
when he tried to leave the burrow at this depth. I was unable to
trace the two burrows beyond a depth of 43 cm. However, I con-
tinued the excavation to a depth of 75 cm. and recovered the follow-
ing: two old cocoons with attached weevil fragments at the 46 cm.
level (the two newly eclosed wasps mentioned earlier may have
emerged from these cocoons) ; some paralyzed weevils in a cell and
two newly spun cocoons with attached weevil remains at a depth
of 49 cm., all separated from each other by short distances ; and
three more newly spun cocoons with attached weevil fragments at
depths of 52, 54, and 57 cm. Three of the newly spun cocoons
contained prepupae and two contained pale pupae.

The cocoons were 12—13 mm. long, 6 mm. in diameter across the
middle, and tapered slightly toward the rounded ends. They were
completely encrusted with the dismembered exoskeletons of the
weevil prey. All weevils were specimens of Minyomerus long nidus,
3. 0-3. 5 mm. long. One cocoon had 39 pairs of weevil elytra adher-
ing to the surface, a second cocoon had 41 pairs of adherent elytra.

Additional observations on this species would be very desirable.
The limited data recorded above suggest that a female may have a
prolonged period of nesting activity. Offspring from the first cells
stored by the mother apparently emerge as adults before the eggs
that will produce some of their siblings have been laid.

It would be of great interest to learn something about the subse-
quent nesting activities of the eldest daughters. Would each one
establish herself at a new nesting site, or would they possibly con-
tinue to use the old burrow entrance and merely dig subsidiary
burrows of their own off the main burrow ?

The few published observations on other species of Eucerceris,
namely those on flavocincta Cresson by Scullen (1939) and by
Bohart and Powell (1956), and those on ruficeps Scullen by Lins-

June, i960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

ley and MacSwain (1954), indicate some diversity in nesting hab-
its. Both species also prey on weevils, but larger species are usually
used, so that fewer weevils are required per cell.

E. flavocincta constructs several cells 7.5—12.5 cm. below the
surface ; Scullen records it as having a silken cocoon with adherent
beetle remains, but Bohart and Powell state that there is no cocoon.

E. ruficeps is more closely related to trkiliata , and some details
of the biology are similar. Linsley and MacSwain found that it
utilizes abandoned vertical burrows of the halictine bee Sphecodo-
gastra aberrans Cwfd. for the vertical section of its burrow and then
constructs a lateral oblique burrow of its own 20 to 23 cm. below
the surface. Four or 5 cells were found from 28 to 42 cm. below
the surface ; some of these contained larvae in cocoons with adher-
ent beetle remains, and some contained moldy weevils or puparia
of parasitic flies. They found two females in one burrow, but were
unable to determine which of these could be associated with the
cells and weevils found in that burrow. They commented that “the
burrow evidence might be interpreted to indicate that the species
is double-brooded/ ’ an inference which is supported by my findings
in the nest of triciliata.

References Cited

Bohart, R. M. and J. A. Powell. 1956. Observations on the
nesting habits of Eucerceris flavocincta Cresson. Pan-Pacific
Ent. 32 : 143-144.

Catrwright, O. L. 1929. Cerceris bicornuta Guer. in The maize
bullbug in South Carolina. S. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 257. 31.

Krombein, K. V. 1953. Cerceris bicornuta bicornuta Guerin in
Kill Devil Hills wasps, 1952. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 55 :
118-119.

Linsley, E. G. and J. W. MacSwain. 1954. Observations on
the habits and prey of Eucerceris ruficeps Scullen. Pan-
Pacific Ent. 30 : 1 1-14.

Rau, P. 1928. Cerceris raui Roh. and C. bicornuta Guerin in
Field studies in the behavior of the non-social wasps. Trans.
St. Louis Acad. Sci. 25 : 325-341, figs. 26-35.

Scullen, H. A. 1939. Biology of Eucerceris in A review of the
genus Eucerceris. Oreg. State Monogr. Stud. Ent. 1 : 12-14,
figs. 157-158.

Strandtmann, R. W. 1945. Cerceris serripes Fabricius in Ob-
servations on the nesting habits of some digger wasps. Ann.
Ent. Soc. Amer. 38 : 311, fig. 8.

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Vol. LV

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OCTOBER, 1960

No. 4

Vol. LV

BULLETIN

OF THE

Brooklyn Entomological
Society

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JOHN F. HANSON

GEORGE S. TULLOCH JAMES A. SLATER

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CONTENTS

A NEW SPECIES OF MARTYRINGA (LEPIDOP-
TERA: OECOPHORIDAE), Hodges 81

SCELIONID COMPONENT OF GRASSLAND
INSECT FAUNA, Lanham and Evans 84

RECOGNITION OF BUMBLEBEE TYPE SPECI-
MENS, Mill iron 87

ON THE EVOLUTION OF ARTHROPODS?,
Thurman , 100

TACHINID PARASITES OF WALKING STICK,

Neff and Eisner 101

LIOCORIS, LYGUS AND ETHICS, Monroe 104

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

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HANSON, Fernald Hall, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass.

BULLETIN

OF THE

BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Vol. LV OCTOBER, 1960 No. 4

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF
MARTYRINGA (LEPIDOPTERA : OECOPHORIDAE)
WITH A NOTE ON ITS BIOLOGY

By Ronald W. Hodges

Two larvae of an unknown species of Lepidoptera from Alex-
andria, Louisiana, were given to me by D. J. Pirone. After the
adults emerged, it was determined that they were a new species of
Martyringa.

Martyringa ravicapitis, sp. n.

Labial palpus, head, thorax, and forewing ochreous, heavily over-
laid with dark fuscous. Second segment of labial palpus (Fig. 1)
dark fu.scous on basal two-thirds on outer side ; some fuscous based
on inner side ; third segment with fuscous annulus on basal half.
Scape of antenna fuscous except for narrow terminal ochreous
annulus ; segments of shaft with narrow, fuscous basal rings, ochre-
ous distally. Forewing (Fig. 2) with two black spots at basal
third, anterior one ending where posterior one begins and preceded
by a patch of skewed scales (this area appears translucent from the
undersurface), followed by an ochreous bar; third black spot at end
of cell ; black spot near base along dorsal margin, gradually moving
costad; series of black pencils on outer third of wing; wavy, su,b-
terminal line ; fuscous terminal line ; apex ochreous ; cilia fuscous
basally, gray distally from apex to tornus, gray dorsally. Hind
wing fuscous; cilia ochreous tipped at apex (fuscous basally) be-
coming fuscous posteriorly. Legs blackish fuscous outwardly with
ochreou.s annuli at tips of segments and at middle of hind tibia.

Female genitalia: (Fig. 4) Genital plate subrectangular, emar-
ginate at tip ; ostium a semicircular slit at base of genital plate ;
posterior third of ductus bursae heavily sclerotized, terminating in
a wider, semicircular-shaped portion which overlaps the genital

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LV

HODGES

Fig. 1, Martyringa ravicapitis Hodges, sp. n., fronto-lateral aspect
of head. Fig. 2, M. ravicapitis Hodges, sp. n. type, Alexandria,
Louisiana, February 24, 1950. Fig. 3, M. latipennis (Wals.), Six
Mile Creek, Ithaca, New York, July 6, 1957, J. G. Franclemont.
Fig. 4, M. Ravicapitis Hodges, sp. n., type, ventral view of female
genitalia.

Oct., 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 83

plate; remainder of ductus bursae lightly sclerotized; bursa copu-
latrix with small spines which give it a reticulate appearance.

Alar expanse : 20 mm.

Holotype : female, Alexandria, Louisiana, February 24, 1959,
reared by R. W. Hodges. Type in U.S.N.M.

Paratype : female, Alexandria, Louisiana, May 5, 1950, reared
by R. W. Hodges. In my personal collection.

Martyringa ravicapitis differs from M. latipennis (Wals.)
(Clarke, 1941, Fig. 90) in that the genital plate of ravicapitis is
more than twice as broad as the connection of the ductu,s bursae,
whereas, at this juncture the two are equal in latipennis. Super-
ficially, ravicapitis appears much darker than latipennis (Fig. 2) ;
the two basal black spots which are offset in ravicapitis are nearly
vertical in latipennis; and the subterminal line of ravicapitis is nar-
rower and more noticeably curved than that of latipennis. The hind
wing of latipennis is more nearly quadrate than that of ravicapitis.

Biological Note. — The first larva was found associated with frass
and eggs of Anisomorpha ferruginea (Beauv.) (Orthoptera, Phas-
midae) located on and under some partially decaying boards. At
the time the phasmid eggs were collected, no larva was noticed.
However, about one month later a tube-like structure composed of
frass, eggs, and detritus was detected in the mixture. This struc-
ture was turned over to the author by D. J. Pirone after it had
been separated from the detritus and placed in a rearing tin. The
adult emerged in four weeks. It is likely that the larva feeds on
the frass or decaying wood (Clarke, 1941, p. 230) because it was
associated with these two items for eight weeks in captivity. Later,
a second specimen was found, and it produced an adult. Unfor-
tunately, only two specimens were found ; thus, there was no oppor-
tunity to study the larva in detail.

Grateful acknowledgment is made to the Grace H. Griswold
Fund of the Department of Entomology of Cornell University for
assuming the expense of engraving the plates.

Reference Cited

Clarke, J. F. G. 1941. Revision of the North American moths
of the family Oecophoridae. Proc. U. S. N. M. 90, no. 3107 :
33-286.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LV

OBSERVATIONS ON THE SCELIONID
COMPONENT OF A GRASSLAND INSECT FAUNA1

By U. N. Lanham and F. C. Evans2

The following observations on wasps of the family Scelionidae
were made in connection with an ecological study of the insect fauna
of a 12-acre grassland area on the Edwin S. George Reserve, Liv-
ingston County, Michigan. This long-abandoned field is on dry
sandy soil (Fox sandy loam) and has a vegetation cover dominated
by the two grasses Poa compressa and Aristida purpurascens but
including a considerable number of subdominant forms (Evans &
Dahl, 1955).

A surprising feature of the insect fauna is the diversity of sceli-
onid wasps, which are small or minute parasites of the eggs of other
insects. Twenty-five species were recorded (Table 1 ; identifica-
tions are by C. F. W. Muesebeck, U. S. National Museum), a num-
ber which is nearly 10% of the 270 species listed in a catalogue of
the Hymenoptera of North America (Muesebeck et al., 1951) and
which can be compared with a total of 24 species listed for the State
of New York (Leonard, 1928). This relatively large number of
species from a small, intensively studied area probably reflects the
fact that this group of insects is still poorly known. To compare
the Scelionidae with some other groups of parasitic Hymenoptera
on the field, the 57 species of Ichneumonidae which we have re-
corded represent about 2% of the North American ichneumonid
fauna (as listed in Muesebeck’s catalogue), the 65 species of Bra-
conidae about 6% of the braconid fauna.

The most conspicuous member of the family Scelionidae on the
field is Scelio bisulcus Ashmead, which is found in numbers clinging
to the underside of the abdomen of adult female grasshoppers of the
genus Melanoplus. The occurrence, in 1957, of this wasp on M.
confusus Scudder, M. keeleri luridus (Dodge) and M. femur -
rubrum (DeGeer) has already been reported by us (Lanham &
Evans, 1958). Additional observations made in 1958 afford some
measure of the intensity of infestation. In early July, 1958, the
adult female Melanoplus population on the field was sparse, esti-
mated at about 0.001 individuals per square meter. On July 10, a
search for mature Melanoplus females yielded only 8 individuals,

1 This work was supported by National Science Foundation
Grant 3223 through the University of Michigan.

2 Monteith College, Wayne State University, and Department of
Zoology, University of Michigan.

Oct., 1960

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 85

of which 6 carried a total of 10 bisulcus (2 grasshoppers carried
2 wasps each, 1 carried 3). Of 18 grasshoppers examined in July,
12 carried a total of 18 wasps. The hosts were probably all M.
confusus, the characteristic early summer species on the field. (In
1958, the hosts were released and were not taken to the laboratory
for certain identification; in 1957 the early hosts, also with multiple
infestations, had been positively determined as M. confusus.)

Later in the summer, Melanoplus confusus declines in numbers
(it disappears by the end of August), but the total density of the
mature Melanoplus population rises as M. keeleri luridus and M.
femur-rubrum become prominent, along with small numbers of M.
mexicanus. In September, 1958, the total adult female population
of Melanoplus on the field was estimated at approximately 0.1 per
square meter. Infestation of these by Scelio bisulcus was compara-
tively light, and no instances of multiple infestation were observed.
Single wasps were carried by 2 of 18 Melanoplus examined on Sep-
tember 12, by 1 of 12 examined on September 19, by 1 of 10 exam-
ined on September 25, and by 1 of 7 examined on October 6. The
percentage of infestation of the late summer population of Melano-
plus females is thus on the order of 10%, in contrast to 60-70% on
the population of early summer. However, the concentration of the
hosts in the late summer is about 100 times that of early summer,
so that the size of the Scelio bisulcus population in September-
October appears to be considerably (from 5 to 10 times) larger
than that in July.

Scelio bisulcus was not found on grasshoppers in August in any
of the three years of this study (1957-59). This suggests the oc-
currence of either (1) two successive generations of the wasp or
(2) two populations with different times of emergence and conse-
quently with different hosts. If two generations of Scelio actually
exist, we have the interesting phenomenon of the first generation
being maintained by a single species of host (M. confusus) while
the second has access to several host species. The comparatively
heavy burden of parasitization on M. confusus would tend to les-
sen any competitive advantage this grasshopper has over its con-
geners by virtue of its earlier development and maturity.

The tenacity with which Scelio holds on to its hosts has already
been noted (Lanham & Evans, 1958). In several cases among our
1958 observations, however, the wasp let go and left its host alto-
gether when the grasshopper was picked up. In one instance, the
wasp ran about over the collector’s hand for a few minutes, then
returned to attach itself to the abdomen of the grasshopper, in the
usual position far forward on the under side. The movements of

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

the wasp on the grasshopper suggested that the final stimulus which
caused it to stop and attach itself was mechanical contact in the
angle between the base of the femur and the abdomen.

A grasshopper that has carried one or more Scelio can easily be
recognized by the conspicuous melanotic scars left by the wasps on
the underside of the first or second abdominal segments. These
show up well on the yellowish integument of fresh specimens of
Melanoplus , but are difficult to see on dried ones.

Table 1. List of Scelionidae collected on a 12-acre abandoned
field, Edwin S. George Reserve, Livingston Co., Michigan, 1957-
1959.

Telenominae

Telenomus emersoni Girault
minimus Ashmead
spp. 3, 4, 5

Baeinae

Trichasius sp.

Acoloides howardii Ashmead
Teleasinae

T eleas n. sp.

Trimorus americanus (Ashmead)
spp. 2, 3, 4

Trisacantha spp. 1, 2
Scelioninae

Sparasion sp.

Scelio bisulcus (Ashmead)
calopteni Riley

Oethecoctonus oecanthi (Riley)

Hadronotus sp.

n. sp.

Ceratoteleia marlattii (Ashmead)

Pegoteleia sp.

Macroteleia macro g aster Ashmead
spp. 2, 3

Literature Cited

Evans, F. C. and E. Dahl. 1955. The vegetational structure
of an abandoned field in southern Michigan and its rela-
tion to environmental factors. Ecology 36: 685-706.
Lanham, U. N. and F. C. Evans. 1958. Phoretic scelionids on
grasshoppers of the genus Melanoplus. Pan-Pacific Ent.
34:213-214.

Oct., 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 8 7

Leonard, M. D. (ed.). 1928. A list of the insects of New

York, with a list of the spiders and certain other allied
groups. Cornell Univ. Agric. Expt. Sta. Mem. 101.
Muesebeck, C. F. W., K. V. Krombein, and H. K. Townes.
1951. Hymenoptera of America north of Mexico: Synop-
tic Catalogue. U. S. Dept. Agric., Agric. Monogr. 2.

RECOGNITION OF BUMBLEBEE TYPE
SPECIMENS, WITH NOTES ON SOME DUBIOUS
NAMES (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE)1

By H. E. Milliron, Glen Dale, West Virginia

This paper deals with certain Western Hemisphere and circum-
polar species for which lectotypes have not been previously indi-
cated. Some of the scientific names referred to in the following
list are synonyms, or have no nomenclatorial standing for various
reasons. However, the present objective is solely one of associat-
ing, or fixing each particular name with the taxon that was origin-
ally described or intended, and no effort is made here to revise
species or change nomenclature. All material was studied by the
writer, whose decisions were guided by the conventional meaning
of the term lectotype, i.e., it should be a type, cotype or paratype
that agrees with the original published description and the data
associated with it. Every effort was made to complete the exami-
nation of all available specimens of the type series before a lectotype
was selected in each case. Types of some few species described
by early workers caused the usual difficulties encountered in the
study of old material, namely, parts of specimens were missing, or
the condition was poor ; labels were lacking, inadequate, or their
genuineness was questionable ; or there was the possibility that the
specimens themselves might not be the originals. In such cases,
search and research were necessary before a satisfactory decision

1 The writer gratefully acknowledges the aid of the American
Philosophical Society, whose Penrose Grant No. 2640 financed the
major part of the research reported herein.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LV

could be reached. Except at Lund, Sweden, where a red “lecto-
typus” label was used, each specimen that was selected is marked
with a black-bordered white label on which the following is given :
Lectotype, followed by the sex (<j? or $) or neuter caste (£), the
scientific name (and abbreviated author name) under which the
species was originally described, the writer’s name and the current
year.

Names of species which are known to have been described from
unique types are not included; where such uniques have been ex-
amined, they have been marked with a holotype label in the same
manner as the lectotype. All types selected by me constitute, in
reality, holotypes, whether the type series studied comprises a single
or a composite species. When a composite species was involved,
care was exercised in selecting from the type series a specimen
which agrees with the original description, type locality and other
published data.

Most of the types studied at the British Museum (N.H.) were
not marked as lectotypes ; the specimens had been segregated pre-
viously and are properly identified as types. Pertinent specimens
in the Banks, Fabricius, Kirby and Westwood Collections were
simply labeled “types”, because circumstances made it virtually im-
possible to apply the concept of lectotype to most of such material.
Also, in a few instances, it was difficult to establish lectotypes for
names of Friese, and in one such case ( vogti ) a neotype seemed
desirable to avoid confusion. Lectotypes were indicated for many
categories described as infraspecific, but these selections are not
included in the following list unless they have some bearing on the
establishment, or fixation, of a name.

alhoniger Fkln., (Bombus) , 1915, 5, Cerro Zunil, [Guatemala],
B.M. Type Hym. 17B1041. In good condition, except the fol-
lowing parts are missing: Two segments of each the left mid-
and the hind tarsus, the right antenna and the right leg beyond
the coxa. Typical as described. British Museum (N.H.), Lon-
don, England. Labeled as type by Franklin.
americanorum F., {Apis), 1775, (No label). Poor condition;
severe dermestid damage ; on the left side are missing six seg-
ments of the antenna, most of the front leg, one segment of the
mid-tarsus and two of the hind tarsus ; on the right side, the hind
leg is missing beyond the base of the femur ; devoid of pubescence
over much of the median thoracic area, and at the sides of abdom-
inal terga three and four, and elsewhere the pubescence is gener-
ally matted or disorderly. Typical. Kiel Collection (Fabrician),
Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Labeled type by me.

Oct., 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 89

arcticus Kby., ( Bombus ), 1821,5, (No locality). B.M. Type Hym.
1043. In good condition, except two segments of the left hind
tarsus are missing, and the pubescence on the vertex and over
much of the abdomen is matted. Typical. British Museum
(N.H.), London, England. Previously labeled by someone as
type.

baeri Vach., (Bombus) , 1904, Lara, Province Tucuman, Argen-
tina. In good condition and typical of the male as described.
Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Pre-
viously indicated by someone as holotype, and labeled as lecto-
type by me.

balteatus Dahlb., (Bombus), 1832, (No locality). In good con-
dition. A slight discrepancy noted between the specimen and
the original description wth respect to coloration of abdominal
tergum four; otherwise, the specimen is typical. Dahlbom Col-
lection, Zoological Institute, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden.
Labeled as lectotypus by me. I am not yet convinced that this
represents the specimen supplied Dahlbom by Schonherr, but it
does appear to be one of the originals.
bellicosus Sm., (Bombus), 1879, 5, (No locality). B.M. Type
Hym. 17B1049. Good condition, lacking only the left claw of
the right mid-tarsus, and two segments of each hind tarsus ; the
pubescence is slightly matted at places on the thoracic dorsum.
Typical. British Museum (N.H.), London, England. Labeled
type by Smith.

bicolor Fr., (Bombus), 1903, Ecuador. The type has not been
recognized to date. Two specimens (5 and J', Venezuela, both
in good condition and typical as described) in the Zoologische
Museum, East Berlin, Germany are labeled “type” by Friese,
but neither meets the requirements of a lectotype.
brachycephalus Handl., (Bpmbus), 1888, 5, Mexico. In good con-
dition, except on the left side two segments of the mid-tarsus and
three segments of the hind tarsus are gone ; on the right side,
two segments of the mid-tarsus and all of the hind leg beyond
the femur are missing ; much of the pubescence is lacking om the
anterior part of the mesoscutum. Typical. Naturhistorische
Hofmuseum, Vienna, Austria. Labeled as lectotype by me.
brasiliensis Sm., (Apathus) , 1854, 5, Para, Brazil. B.M. Type
Hym. 17B1068. In good condition and typical of the species it
represents. British Museum (N.H.), London, England. La-
beled type (by Smith?).

brasiliensis Lep., (Bombus) , 1836, Brazil. Condition good, with
only one segment of the left hind tarsus gone ; pubescence matted

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Vol. LV

over the left pleuron and on the pronotum and anterior part of
the mesonotum. Not quite typical for the species. Westwood
Collection, Hope Department, University Museum, Oxford, Eng-
land. Labeled type by me.

hutteli Fr., (Bombus) , 1903, <J, Marcapata, Peru. Condition good,
except the specimen lacks seven segments of the left antenna, and
the right mid-leg beyond the femur. Typical as described. Zoo-
logische Museum, East Berlin, Germany. Labeled as a type by
Friese, and as lectotype by me.

calif ornicus Sm., ( Bomhus ; a composite species), 1854, $, Cali-
fornia. B.M. Type Hym. 17B1223. Good condition, except
missing the following parts on the right side: Nine segments of
the antenna, three segments of the fore tarsus and two segments
of the hind tarsus. Typical for the sex as described. British
Museum (N.H.), London, England. Labeled as type by Smith.

carbonarius Handl., ( Bomhus ), 1888, J1, Ypanema [Ipanema, now
known as Bacaetava, near Varnhagem, S.P.], Brazil. Condition
good. Typical, except somewhat larger than the average of this
sex. Naturhistorische Hofmuseum, Vienna, Austria. Labeled
as lectotype by me.

cayennensis F., (Apis; a composite species), 1798, (No locality).
Specimen in poor condition, lacking the head and all legs (except
hind coxae, and the left hind leg) ; thorax, especially beneath,
and the wing margins show severe dermestid damage ; pinned
through the apparent second abdominal segment. Not entirely
in agreement with the original diagnosis. Kiel Collection (Fab-
rician), Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Den-
mark. Labeled type by me.

chilensis Spin., (Bombus) , 1851, .J', Chile. Condition good, except
on the left side seven segments of the antenna and both the mid-
and the hind tarsi are lacking; the pubescence on the thoracic
dorsum is somewhat matted, and also that covering a small spot
on the left side of the apical abdominal terga. Typical of the
male of the species represented. Museo, Institute di Zoologia dell
Universita, Turin, Italy. Labeled as lectotype by me.

citrinus Sm., (Apathus) , 1854, United States. B.M. Type Hym.
17B1060. Good condition, except on the right side four seg-
ments of the antenna, and four segments of the mid-tarsus are
gone, and all of the left mid-leg is missing. Typical. British
Museum (N.H.), London, England. Labeled type by Smith.

coccineus Fr., (Bombus), 1903, Peru. Condition good; geni-
talia withdrawn but still attached. Typical. Zoologische Mu-
seum, East Berlin, Germany. Labeled as a type by Friese, and
as lectotype by me.

Oct., 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 91

dahlbomii Guer., (Bombus), 1835, 5, Chile. In good condition,
except the claws on the left mid-leg, and the last segment of the
right mid-tarsus are missing ; some of the pubescence on the
thoracic dorsum is gone left of the pin and over the anterior part
of the scutellum. Typical. Ryksmuseum von Natuurlijke His-
toric, Leiden, Netherlands. Labeled as a type by Guerin, and as
lectotype by me.

diligens Sm., ( Bombus ; a composite species), 1861, 5> Oajaca
[Oaxaca], Mexico. B.M. Type Hym. 17B1056. Good condi-
tion, lacking only two segments of the left fore tarsus and some
pubescence on the vertex. Not entirely typical. British Mu-
seum (N.H.), London, England. Labeled type (by Smith?),
and lectotype by me.

dolichocephalus Handl., (Bombus), 1888, J, Mexico. Condition
very good, wanting only one segment of the right hind tarsus.
Typical. Naturhistorische Hofmuseum, Vienna, Austria. La-
beled as lectotype by me.

excellens Sm., (Bombus), 1879, $, Venezuela. B.M. Type Hym.
17B1048. In good condition, except it lacks the left antenna, and
one segment of the left front tarsus ; the pubescence is matted
over the center of the thoracic dorsum. Typical of the species
represented. British Museum (N.H.), London, England. La-
beled as type by Smith.

fervida F., (Apis), 1798, (No label). Poor condition due to
dermestid damage; antennae and much of the head capsule are
gone, as are the fore legs and some of the prothorax ; one tarsal
segment is missing on all remaining legs except the middle one.
Typical in most respects. Kiel Collection (Fabrician), Universi-
tetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark. Labeled
type by me.

formosus Sm., (Bombus), 1854, J, Oajaca [Oaxaca], Mexico.
B.M. Type Hym. 17B1052. In good condition, lacking only two
segments of the left mid-tarsus. Almost typical for the species.
British Museum (N.H.), London, England. Labeled type by
Smith.

fr at emus Sm., (Apathus), 1854, J1, North America. B.M. Type
Hym. 17B1038. Specimen in very good condition, except it lacks
two segments of the right mid-tarsus ; some of the pubescence is
matted about the center of the thoracic dorsum. Typical. British
Museum (N.H.), London, England. Labeled type by Smith.

frigidus Sm., (Bombus), 1854, J, Arctic America (Arctic Coast,
67y2-6&y2). B.M. Type Hym. 17B1042. Condition good, ex-
cept it lacks the left hind tarsus, and all the right hind leg beyond

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Vol. LV

the coxa; the pubescence is slightly matted over places on the
thoracic dorsum and on some of the abdomen. Typical. British
Museum (N.H.), London, England. Labeled type by Smith.

funebris Sm., {Bombus), 1854, J, Quito [Ecuador]. B.M. Type
Hym. 17B1057. Condition fair, lacking on the left side the an-
tenna, two segments of the front tarsus, all of the mid-tarsus and
four segments of the hind tarsus, and the tip of the hind wing ; on
the right side, the mid-leg beyond the tibia, and three segments
of the hind leg are missing ; the mesonotum is damaged and de-
void of the normal amount of pubescence. Smaller than the
average. British Museum (N.H.), London, England. Labeled
type by Smith.

grandis Westw., ( Bombus ), 1840, $, Valfpariso, Chile]. In very
good condition, lacking four segments of the right fore tarsus
only. Typical of the species it represents. Westwood Collection,
Hope Department, University Museum, Oxford, England. La-
beled as type by me.

griseocollis De G., ( Apis ), 1773, (No locality). Condtion very
good, except that two segments of the left hind tarsus are want-
ing. Typical. De Geer Collection, Naturhistoriske Riksmuseet,
Stockholm, Sweden. Labeled lectotype by me ; it is the only
specimen now standing under this name in the De Geer Collection.

groenlandicus Sm., ( Bombus ), 1854, }, West Coast of Greenland.
B.M. Type Hym. 17B962. The specimen lacks three segments of
both the left front tarsus and hind tarsus ; the pubescence is
matted along the posterior border of the scutellum ; otherwise,
the condition is good. Typical for the species it represents.
British Museum (N.H.), London, England. Labeled type by
Meade-Waldo.

handlirschi Fr., {Bombus), 1903, J1, Marcapata, Peru. In good
condition. Typical. Zoologische Museum, East Berlin, Ger-
many. Labeled a type by Friese, and as lectotype by me.

haueri Handl., {Bombus), 1888, §, Takubaya, Mexico. Condition
very good, except that two segments of the right hind tarsus are
missing. Typical. Naturhistorische Hof museum, Vienna, Aus-
tria. Labeled as lectotype by me.

hyperboreus Schon., {Bombus), 1809, §, Lapponia [Lapland].
Good condition, except that the specimen lacks the following
parts : On the left side, four segments of the mid-tarsus, the hind
leg beyond the femur ; on the right side, two segments of the
mid-tarsus, three segments of the hind tarsus, and the hind wing ;
the disc of the thoracic dorsum is damaged on the left side, and
the pubescence surrounding this area is matted and tangled.

Oct., 1960

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 93

Typical. Naturhistoriske Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden. La-
beled lectotype by me.

insularis Sm., (Apathus) , 1861, §, Vancouver Island, [British
Columbia] . B.M. Type Hym. 17B1061. In good condition, and
nearly typical. British Museum (N.H.), London, England.
Labeled type (by Smith?).

intrudens Sm., ( Apathus ), 1861, ,(J, Oajaca [Oaxaca], Mexico.
B.M. Type Hym. 17B1062. Condition good, except that on the
left side the specimen lacks the right claw of the fore tarsus, two
segments of the mid-tarsus and four segments of the hind tarsus ;
on the right side, the right claws of both the mid- and hind tarsi
are gone ; the tip of the ovipositor is also missing. Typical.
British Museum (N.H.), London, England. Labeled type (by
Smith ?) .

jonella Kby., (Apis), 1802, (No locality). No. 90, K.2-338.
The specimen is in fair condition, with the following parts miss-
ing : Both antennae beyond the scape, all of the left fore leg and
the left mid-leg beyond the tibia ; dermestid damage is evident.
Typical of the male. Kirby Collection, British Museum (N.H.),
London, England. Labeled as type by me.

lapponica F., (Apis), 1793, (No locality). Condition fair, ex-
cept that on the left side it lacks the antenna and part of the
front tibia ; on the right side, part of the terminal antennal seg-
ment is gone, as is also all of the middle leg ; loss due to dermestid
infestation; the pubescence is disorderly and slightly matted at
places. Typical. Kiel Collection (Fabrician), Universitetets
Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark. Labeled type by
me.

laboriosus Sm., (Bombus) , 1861 (nec Fabricius, 1804), J, Oajaca
[Oaxaca], Mexico. B.M. Type Hym. 17B1051. Good condi-
tion, except it lacks all of the right hind leg, and the left hind one
is completely detached and glued to Smith’s identification label.
Typical of the species it represents. British Museum (N.H.),
London, England. Labeled as type (by Smith?).

lateralis Sm., (Bombus), 1879, Val de Fuego, Guatemala. B.M.
Type Hym. 17B1039. The specimen is without nine segments of
the left antenna, but is otherwise in good condition. Typical
worker of the species it represents. British Museum (N.H.),
London, England. Labeled as type by Smith.

melaleucus Handl., (Bombus; a composite species), 1888, £>, (No
locality). In good condition, and typical as described. Natur-
historische Hofmuseum, Vienna, Austria. Labeled as lectotype
by me.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

melanopygus Nyl., ( Bombus ), 1848, Sitcha [Sitka, Alaska].
Condition good. Almost typical of the species. Zoological Mu-
seum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. Labeled lecto-
type by me.

modestus Sm., {Bombus), 1861 {nee Eversmann, 1852; nee Cres-
son, 1879), 5, Oajaca [Oaxaca], Mexico. B.M. Type Hym.
17B1046. Good condition, lacking only four segments of the
right hind tarsus and one segment of the right middle tarsus.
Typical of the species it represents, but its abdominal coloration
is not in perfect agreement with the original description. British
Museum (N.H.), London, England. Labeled type (by Smith?).

morio Swed., {Apis), 1787 {nec Fabricius, 1793), J, Brazil. In
fair condition, without left antenna, two segments of the left front
tarsus and one segment of the right hind tarsus ; devoid of the
usual amount of pubescence on the vertex and on the mesonotum ;
pubescence somewhat matted in places. Typical of the species it
represents. Banks Collection, British Museum (N.H.), London,
England. Previously labeled by someone as type, and by me as
type also.

nidulans F., {Apis), 1798, (No locality). Severely damaged
by dermestids ; the antennae and much of the head capsule are
gone ; on the right side, most of the hind leg is missing beyond
the trochanter, but on the left side all the leg parts are present,
except one segment of the mid-tarsus ; much of the pubescence on
the center of the thoracic dorsum and on the sides of abdominal
terga four and five is missing, and most of what remains else-
where on the body is matted. Typical for the male of the species
represented. Kiel Collection (Fabrician), Universitetets Zoo-
logiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark. Labeled type by me.

nigripes Hal., {Bombus), 1836, $, Chile. B.M. Type Hym. 17B-
1053. Good condition, except seven segments of the right an-
tenna, and the right hind leg beyond the femur are wanting ; some
of the pubescence is matted over the thoracic dorsum and ab-
dominal terga. Typical for the species it represents. British
Museum (N.H.), London, England. Previously labeled as type
(by Haliday ?) .

nivalis Dahlb., {Bombus), 1832, £, Torneatrask, [Lapland]. Good
condition, missing only one segment of the left hind tarsus. Typ-
ical as described, though somewhat smaller than the average
queen. Zetterstedt Collection, Zoological Institute, University
of Lund, Lund, Sweden. Labeled paratypus by Kruseman, and
lectotypus by me.

opifex Sm., {Bombus), 1879, £>, Mendoza, [Argentina]. B.M.

Oct., 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 95

Type Hym. 17B1015. Condition fair; on the right side, the an-
tenna and three segments of the mid-tarsus are gone; dermestid
damage is noticeable on the right fore femur, and on the abdo-
men, of which the apparent third and fourth sterna are gone,
and the distal part (terga five and six, and corresponding sterna)
is glued up-side-down to the fourth tergum; the pubescence is
matted on the thoracic dorsum posterior to the center, and on the
anterior part of the scutellum. Typical. British Museum (N.
H. ), London, England. Labeled type by Smith.

ornatus Sm., ( Bombus ; a composite species), 1854, $, Rochester,
New York. The condition is good, and the specimen is typical
for the species it represents. British Museum (N.H.), London,
England. Labeled as lectotype by me.

pennsylvanica De G., {Apis), 1773, 5, (No locality). In good
condition, except that the front wings are damaged at their bases,
caused by forced subsequent setting. The specimen agrees with
the original description and figure, and presents conclusive evi-
dence of having been the one used by De Geer to make his orig-
inal drawing; coloration not entirely typical for the species.
De Geer Collection, Naturhistoriske Riksmuseet, Stockholm,
Sweden. Labeled lectotype by me. This specimen, which was
discovered in the general collection of the above institution, has
been returned to the De Geer Collection, where it is the only one
now standing under this name.

pleuralis Nyk, {Bombus), 1848, $, Sitcha [Sitka, Alaska] . In good
condition. The specimen agrees with the original description,
but its color is not entirely typical for the species it represents.
Zoological Museum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Labeled as lectotype by me.

polaris Curt., {Bombus), 1835, $, (No locality) . B.M. Type Hym.
17B1054. Good condition, except that both antennae are gone,
and the left mid-leg has been glued to the body; the pubescence
is somewhat matted on the thoracic dorsum, and on parts of the
first two abdominal terga. Typical of the species it represents.
British Museum (N.H.), London, England. Labeled as type by
Smith.

robustus Sm., {Bombus), 1854, $, Colombia. B.M. Type Hym.
17B1059. Condition good, the specimen being devoid of pubes-
cence only in places on the thoracic dorsum and on the abdominal
terga. Nearly typical. British Museum (N.H.), London, Eng-
land. Labeled type by Smith.

robustus var. hortulans Fr., {Bombus), 1904,$, Banos, [Ecuador].
In good condition, except on the left side, nine segments of the

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Vol. LV

antenna, the mid-leg beyond the femur, and four segments of the
hind tarsus are missing ; on the right side, eight segments of the
antenna, four segments of the mid-tarsus and all of the hind tarsus
are gone. Typical as described. Zoologische Museum, East
Berlin, Germany. Labeled a type by Friese, and as lectotype by
me.

rubicundus Sm., ( Bombus ), 1854, 2, Colombia. B.M. Type Hym.
17B1058. Good condition, missing only two segments of each
front tarsus, and two segments of both the right mid-tarsus and
the right hind tarsus. Typical. British Museum (N.H.), Lon-
don, England. Labeled as type by Smith.

rubriventris Lep., {Bombus), 1836, J, St. Domingue [Santo Do-
mingo ] . The specimen is in good condition, with only three seg-
ments of the left mid-tarsus gone, and a small amount of pubes-
cence matted along the posterior margin of the thoracic disc.
Typical as described. Westwood Collection, Hope Department,
University Museum, Oxford, England. Labeled as type by me.
Lepeletier probably based his description on a single specimen,
but of this I cannot be sure.

schneideri Fr., {Bombus), 1903, 2, S[an] Carlos, Costa Rica. In
good condition, except some pubescence is absent postmedially on
abdominal tergum two, and that on the remainder of the abdomen
is irregularly matted. Typical for this form of the species. Zoo-
logische Museum, East Berlin, Germany. Labeled as a type by
Friese, and as lectotype by me.

scrimshirana Kby., {Apis; a composite species), 1802, (No lo-
cality). No. 92, K.2-342. The specimen lacks antennae (except
the left scape) and the left fore leg beyond the femur ; evidence of
dermestid damage. Typical worker of the species it represents.
Kirby Collection, British Museum (N.H.), London, England.
Labeled type by me.

sitkensis Nyl., {Bombus) , 1848, 2, Sitcha [Sitka, Alaska]. In good
condition, with only some of the pubescence matted on the thor-
acic dorsum near the left tegula and on some of the abdominal
terga. Typical. Zoological Museum, University of Helsinki,
Helsinki, Finland. Labeled as lectotype by me. Also, in the
same institution and a part of the type series, a male, lacking only
the right front leg, was labeled by me as lectoallotype.

steindachneri Handl., {Bombus), 1888, £ , Cuernavaca, Mexico.
In good condition, except that on the left side, the mid-leg is gone
beyond the coxa, and all the hind leg ; on the right side, the an-
tenna beyond the scape, and the mid-leg beyond the trochanter
are missing ; the pubescence on the left pleuron is irregularly

Oct., 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 97

matted, and it is absent on parts of abdominal terga three to five ;
the genitalia are withdrawn, but remain attached. Typical.
Naturhistorische Hofmuseum, Vienna, Austria. Labeled lecto-
type by me.

thoracicus Sich., ( Bombus ), 1862, $, La Plata, [Argentina]. In
good condition, and typical as described. Museum National
d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Labeled lectotype by me.
tricolor Zett., (Bombus), 1838 ( nec Dahlbom, 1832), <$, Karesu-
ando [Lapland]. Condition good, except that the specimen lacks
both hind legs, the right front leg, and the left mid-leg beyond the
femur ; the right antenna shows dermestid damage, and the pubes-
cence is matted together in clumps over most of the anterior part
of the thoracic dorsum ; the genitalia have been withdrawn but
not removed. Typical for the male of the species represented.
Zetterstedt Collection, Zoological Institute, University of Lund,
Lund, Sweden. Labeled lectotypus by me.
unifasciatus Sm., (Bombus), 1879, <J, Guatemala. B.M. Type Hym.
17B1047. Condition good. Typical of the species it represents.
British Museum (N.H.), London, England. Labeled type by
Smith.

vagans Sm., (Bombus), 1854, 2, Nova Scotia. B.M. Type Hym.
17B1040. The specimen is without the left mid-leg beyond the
coxa, lacks four segments of the right hind tarsus, seven segments
of the left antenna, and ten of the right antenna ; otherwise, it is
in good condition. Not quite typical for the species. British
Museum (N.H.), London, England. Labeled type by Smith.
velutinus 111., (Bombus; a composite species), 1806, <$, Brazil. In
good condition, wanting only four segments of the right antenna ;
the genitalia are withdrawn but remain attached. Typical of the
species it represents. Zoologische Museum, East Berlin, Ger-
many. Labeled as type by Bischoff, and as lectotype by me.
venustus Sm., (Bombus), 1861 (nec Smith, 1876), 5, Constancia
[Constantia, Brazil]. B.M. Type Hym. 17B1050. In good
condition, and typical of the species it represents. British Mu-
seum (N.H.), London, England. Labeled type (by Smith?).
violaceus Lep., (Bombus; a composite species), 1836, 2, Brazil.
In good condition, except that the thoracic dorsum is cracked
over the center to the left tegula, then to the prosternum ; pubes-
cence slightly matted over the center of the thoracic dorsum and
absent in spots over the abdomen, especially on terga four and
five ; slightly damaged internally by dermestids. Typical of the
species it represents. Westwood Collection, Hope Department,
University Museum, Oxford, England. Labeled type by me.

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vogti Fr., ( Bombus ; a composite species), 1903, Huancabamba,
N. Peru. Condition very good. Typical as described. Natur-
historische Hofmuseum, Vienna, Austria. Labeled as a type by
Friese, but as neotype by me since no specimen of the apparent
cotypic series could be found that satisfies all the requirements of
a lectotype.

weisi Fr., ( Bombus ; a composite species), 1903, J (not a $), S[an]
Carlos, Costa Rica. Condition good, except two segments of the
left mid-tarsus are lacking and most of the pubescence is irregu-
larly matted, and some of it is lacking on abdominal terga one to
three. Typical as described. Zoologische Museum, East Berlin,
Germany. Labeled as a type by Friese, and as lectotype by me.

Dubious Names

The following notes apply to the disposition of certain dubious
names ; of these, only the first can be accepted as having correct
reference to a species of bumblebee.

Apis alata F. was described in 1798 (Suppl. Ent. Syst., p. 274, no.
43-4) but no specimens are to be found in the Kiel Collection.
In transferring the species to the genus Bombus in 1804 (Syst.
Piez., p. 352, no. 49), Fabricius emended the name to elatus,
even in the specific citation to his previous work. It seems im-
possible to be certain of what species Fabricius had before him,
but it is very likely that it was Bombus fervidus (F.) . The Sehe-
stedt and Tjzfnder-Lund Collection, which is also at the Universi-
tetets Zoologiske Museum in Copenhagen, contains much ma-
terial seen by Fabricius; included is a male bumblebee under the
name elatus , but it is the same as Bombus americanorum (F.)
and is regarded only as a misidentification.

Apis antiguensis F. was described in 1775 (Syst. Ent., p. 380, no.
11) probably from a single specimen supplied by Drury. A con-
spicuous conflicting error on color was made in the original de-
scription. However, the writer is of the opinion that Fabricius
had before him a species of carpenterbee and not a bumblebee,
despite the fact that a queen ( Bombus amerianorum (F.) ) of the
latter, with a label “antiguensis” in Fabricius’ handwriting, now
stands in the Kiel Collection. This is, in all probability, nothing
more than one of Fabricius’ common misidentifications of his own
species, and neither this specimen, nor the unlabeled conspecific
queen beside it is to be accepted as the type of antiguensis, as was
assumed by Schulz (Berk Ent. Ztschr., vol. 57, pp. 91 & 101,
1912). Neither specimen agrees with the primary part of the

Oct., 1960

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 99

original description. It is very likely that Fabricius returned to
Drury his original antiguensis, and that it is no longer extant.
It is my contention that these two misidentified specimens now in
the Kiel Collection were mistakenly placed there under this name
in later years by Fabricius himself, and that they have no type
value whatever. Under these circumstances, if antiguensis can-
not be recognized as belonging to Xylocopa or to some genus
other than Bombus (or Psithyrus) it would be better to suppress
the name altogether.

Bombus laboriosus F. was described in 1804 (Syst. Piez., p. 352, no.
51 ) . It is not a bumblebee. One female is in the Kiel Collection ;
it bears the name “laboriosa” in Fabricius’ handwriting, and
belongs in the genus Emphoropsis.1 This specimen is the unique
type, as no other specimen of the species could be found in the
Bose Collection at Paris.

Apis marylandica F., described in 1798 (Suppl. Ent. Syst., p. 274,
no. 20-1), does not refer to any species of bumblebee. It is not
represented in the Kiel Collection. Possibly it refers to a species
of Centris ; a specimen of this genus in the Spinola Collection
under the name Trachina unicincta Spin, agrees with the original
description in almost every respect.

Bombus parvulus F., described in 1804 (Syst. Piez., p. 352, no. 53),
likewise is not a bumblebee. Two specimens are in the Kiel Col-
lection; they belong to the genus Melipona.

Bombus virginicus F. In 1804, Fabricius transferred this Linnean
species from Apis to Bombus. The material available for study
reveals that what Fabricius probably regarded as this species
was, in reality, a composite of at least three species. The report
of Schulz ( loc . cit .) on the matter is both incomplete and mis-
leading. Today, three specimens stand under this name in the
Kiel Collection ; from left to right, the first is a male of Xylocopa
virginica (L.), bearing the label “virginica” in Fabricius’ hand-
writing; the second and third specimens are both unlabeled
queens, representing Bombus vagans Sm. and B. griseocollis
(De G.) respectively; thus, the name Bombus virginicus F.
(1804) might be referred to the synonymy of all three of the
above species. If, however, proper importance is attached to the
first of the three above specimens, the name should be regarded as
a strict synonym only of X. virginica (L.) .

1 Opinion of Dr. T. B. Mitchell, based on my notes.

100 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

ON THE EVOLUTION OF ARTHROPODS?1

By Phyllis Thurman

1 This article is not to be construed as constituting publication
in a taxonomic sense, and therefore, any new terms that may have
been created inadvertently have no legal standing in zoological
nomenclature.

Oct ■> i960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 101

[vc.y f Lb r-r ,

. - „ ^*£

*''"■ **■»,■ /<£, QJ

yu 0 / ^7^ ,.

X0%p^ K.

NOTE ON TWO TACHINID PARASITES OF THE
WALKING STICK, AWJSOMORP/L4
BUPRESTOIDES (STOLL)1

By S. E. Neff and T. Eisner2

Over 200 specimens of A. buprestoides were obtained, September
9-13, 1959, at the Archbold Biological Station, Highland Co.,
Florida.3 They were maintained in our laboratory from September

1 The present note is an incidental outcome of work done by Eis-
ner on chemical defensive mechanisms of arthropods, under subsidy
of U. S. Public Health Grant E-2908.

2 Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New
York.

3 We wish to thank Mr. Richard Archbold for many kindnesses
extended to us at the Station in connection with this and other
studies.

102 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LV

to mid-December. During that period a total of 101 dipterous
puparia were recovered from the cages. The two species of tachi-
nid flies that emerged subsequently were identified by Mr. Curtis
W. Sabrosky of the Entomology Research Division of the U. S.
Department of Agriculture as Roeseliopsis americana (Coq.) and
Phasmophora fantennalis Town. There are no published records
of these two species from A. buprestoides.

Seventeen R. americana adults emerged from a total of seventy
puparia ; nine P. fantennalis adults were obtained from the remain-
ing thirty-one. Duration of pupal stage in the laboratory ranged
from 26 to 30 days in both species.

At least in some instances, the presence of the parasite did not
seem to impair the reproductive capacity of the host. Many para-
sitized females oviposited normally. Moreover, death did not al-
ways follow immediately after the mature larva emerged from the
host to pupate. This was evidenced by the fact that an increase in
the number of puparia in the cages over a two-day period was not
necessarily accompanied by an increase in host mortality.

Examination of the parasitized walking sticks revealed up to four
openings in the membranous areas between the first, second, and
third abdominal terga and sterna. A collapsed chitinous sac was
attached to the inner edge of each aperture. Apparently this chiti-
nous sac or envelope is formed by the host and surrounds all but the
anterior end of the parasite (Pantel, 1898). It is not known
whether these openings represent the original point of entry of the
fly larva or are secondary openings made as the larva matures
(Pantel, 1910).

The puparium of P. antennalis has been described and figured by
Greene (1921). Our specimens do not differ materially from his
description and figure. However, the lobing of the posterior spirac-
ular plates on some puparia is not as pronounced as in Greene’s
figure.

The description of the puparium jof R. americana is new and is as
follows: Ovoid (Fig. 1) ; dark brownish black. Length 8.1-10.5
mm. ; width 3. 5^1. 5 mm. Surface coarsely shagreen with faint
transverse ridges encircling segments. Irregular, longitudinal rows
of shallow pits dorsolaterally and ventrolaterally. Anterior spira-
cles not evident ; pupal respiratory processes lacking. Cephalo-
pharyngeal skeleton (Fig. 4) about as long as high; mouthhooks
(MH) fused anterodorsally, the apex of each hook slightly diverg-
ing (Fig. 2) ; pharyngeal sclerite with distinct reticulate pattern on
dorsal cornua (DC). Posterior spiracular plates (Fig. 3) papillose,

Oct., 1960

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 103

each papilla bearing minute circular openings; stigmatic scar (but-
ton) not evident. No anal plate; anus small, circular. (Based on
20 specimens) .

Series of adults of both species with associated puparia have been
deposited in the U. S. National Museum.

Figure 1, R. americana , puparium, lateral view. A — anus ; PS —
posterior spiracle. Figure 2, R. americana , mouthhooks, dorsal
view. Figure 3, R. americana , puparium, caudal aspect showing
right posterior spiracle. Figure 4, R. americana , cephalopharyngeal
skeleton. DC — dorsal cornua; MFt — mouthhooks VC — ventral
cornua.

Literature Cited

Greene, C. T. 1921. An illustrated synopsis of the puparia of 100
muscoid flies (Diptera). Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 60, 10: 1—39.
Pantel, J. 1898. Le Thrixion halidayanum Rond. : Essai Mono-
graphique sur une Larve Parasite du Groupe des Tachinaires.
La Cellule 15: 7- 285.

1910. Recherches sur les Dipteres a Larves Ento-

mobies. I. Characteres parasitiques aux points de vue bio-
logique, ethologique et histologique. La Cellule 26: 27-213.

104 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

tol. LV

LIOCORIS, LYGUS AND ETHICS

By Eugene Munroe1

Slater (1959) has called attention to the unpublished petition
circulated by Usinger and others, and subsequently submitted by
Carvalho, Knight and Usinger to the International Commission on
Zoological Nomenclature, seeking to change the type species of
Lygus Hahn, 1833, so as to make that nominal genus a senior sub-
jective synonym of Liocoris Fieber, 1858. The object of this pro-
posal was to preserve the use of the name Lygus for the taxonomic
segregate of the former comprehensive genus Lygus that contains
species of economic importance in North America, rather than for
the segregate that contains the type species as determined according
to the Rules, itself a species of economic importance in the Old
World. This proposal, as Dr. Slater has pointed out, was supported
by a number of prominent hemipterists, and by numerous economic
entomologists. The purpose of the present paper is not to discuss
the merits of the proposal to the Commission, though these contain
points of contention not emphasized by Dr. Slater, but rather to
comment on certain aspects of Dr. Slater’s paper.

It seems to be characteristic of nomenclatorial discussion (and
this principle applies not only in zoology) that it generates increas-
ing heat as the procedural or semantic element increases and as the
factual or scientific element decreases. Nomenclature is in fact
notorious in a number of fields of science as an area in which high
feelings are easily engendered. It therefore behooves us to walk
with great caution in areas of nomenclatorial disagreement, for the
history of science shows how readily hasty, misconstrued, or quite
unintentional implications have in the past led to deep misunder-
standings, personal injustices, or in some regrettable cases to private
or even institutional animosities of long duration.

Such dire effects are of course not to be foreseen from Dr.
Slater’s article because of the high personal qualities and the scien-
tific association and friendship of the individuals involved. None-
theless, certain of the statements made in the article could be inter-
preted as prejudicial to Dr. L. A. Kelton, and to a lesser degree to
certain other scientists of the Canada Department of Agriculture.
I am sure this was not Dr. Slater’s intention, and that he meant
simply to indicate his view as to correct procedure ; nonetheless
some clarifying comment seems desirable. Because of the personal

1 Entomology Research Institute, Research Branch, Canada De-
partment of Agriculture, Ottawa.

Oct., 1960

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 105

nature of the involvement, Dr. Kelton has preferred not to make
this clarification himself, and, as I took some part in discussion on
the Lygus petition, and had considerable responsibility for advising
Dr. Kelton as to the proper course in his 1955 papers, I have agreed
to do it in his stead. In the comments that follow, I have had the
advice and agreement of Messrs. G. S. Walley and J. R. Vockeroth,
colleagues whom I consulted as specialists in the field of zoological
nomenclature.

The passage in Dr. Slater’s article that has aroused concern is
the second paragraph on p. 98, dealing with the sub judice status of
the name Lygus. In this paragraph Dr. Kelton’s name is cited and
statements relating to his publications are made in close juxta-
position to statements on ethical procedure in dealing with sub
judice scientific names. The impression this will make on many
readers is that of an attack on Dr. Kelton’s scientific ethics, an im-
pression that I trust was not intended by Dr. Slater and that is cer-
tainly not justified by the facts.

I may first make the general statement from my personal knowl-
edge that Dr. Kelton’s attitude towards the preparation of his
papers was in 1955, as at other times, very far from irresponsible
or over-individualistic; on the contrary he was almost painfully
conscientious ; he went to great lengths to consult colleagues and to
secure the best advice available to him, on nomenclatorial as well as
taxonomic matters. If he made a mistake in procedure it was cer-
tainly the result not of a failure in ethics, for no man could have
done more to achieve a correct result, but of an error in judgment
or interpretation. Such errors are not unknown or inexcusable in
the complex and confused nomenclatorial situation that has existed
since 1948.

In fact, however, Dr. Kelton in my opinion made no mistake.
I believe the action he took was technically and morally correct in
view of the circumstances at the time he wrote, and I believe that
even now it is at best very doubtful that Lygus with pratensis as
type has protected status by virtue of the Carvalho — Knight —
Usinger application being sub judice. Criticism of Dr. Kelton’s
action is possible only by extension of the matter of Bull. Zool.
Nomencl. 4: 234-5, I.C.Z.N., 8th Meeting, Paris, Conclusions
4 (3) a and b to questions not covered by their wording and proba-
bly not by their intention.

Dr. Slater states that it is “of course” considered “highly objec-
tionable” to “alter the use” of a name that is Usub judice” “particu-
larly when there appears to be no opposition to the action requested
by the International Commission.” He joins this with a reference

106 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Yol. LV

to the “Code of Ethics discussion”, and a page reference to the pas-
sage in Bull. Zool. Nomencl. cited in the last paragraph. Compari-
son of this passage shows that the words given in quotation marks
above have been supplied by Dr. Slater and do not appear either
literally or in unmistakable substance in the original. There is no
mention in that place of “ethics” or “Code of Ethics.” These ex-
pressions are reserved in the Record of the Paris Meetings for other
matters, concerning personal relations between authors (Bull. Zool.
Nomencl. 4: 167). The coupling of these strong expressions with
practice on pending applications rests on the generally excellent,
but individual and quite unofficial, interpretation of Follett (Sep-
tember, 1955), which, incidentally, had not yet appeared when Dr.
Kelton submitted his manuscripts. What the original passage in
the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature does say is, “In such cases
neither the worker by whom the error in accepted practice is dis-
covered, nor any other worker should change that practice by sub-
stituting some other name for that in common use, until such time
as the decision on the future status of the name in question is made
known by said Commission” (Conclusion 4 (3) (b)). The words
“in such cases” refer to three specific types of cases (Conclusion
4 (3) (a)) involving “a well-known name in common use”, viz.:

( 1 ) where such a name is invalid under the law of priority ;

(2) where such a name is invalid under the law of homonymy ;

(3) where, in the case of a generic name with these attributes
of familiarity and usage, the type species of the nominal genus is a
species not commonly accepted as referable to the genus in ques-
tion or to a segregate thereof.

Neither the law of priority nor the law of homonymy is involved
directly in the present case, which therefore is not of the types ( 1 )
or (2). Also it is of a kind specifically and apparently deliberately
excluded from type (3), for Lygus pabulinus , the type species
under the International Rules, is indeed commonly accepted as
referable to a segregate of the genus in question.

This is a real distinction, and no technical quibble. The present
case is not one in which a well-known name is being suppressed for
purely nomenclatorial reasons, but rather one in which restriction
of the application of a name is in any event necessitated by a change
in taxonomic concepts, and in which it proposed to suspend the
normal procedure for such restriction because of the weight of
North American literature in economic entomology.2 It is not even
a pure case of economic versus taxonomic literature, for a consider-

2 Much of this refers to “Lygus pratensis L.” a species which
actually does not occur in North America.

Oct., 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 107

able body of economic literature relating to Lygus pabulinus will
be disturbed if the Carvalho — Knight — Usinger petition is granted.
These comments are offered here not as criticism of the petition,
but to show that it must be viewed as a special case, and not as an
example of the superfluous and purely formal type of name change
that Conclusion 4 (3) was designed to prevent.

The wording of Conclusion 4 (3) seems to make it irrelevant
whether or not the Carvalho — Knight — Usinger petition was actu-
ally “sub judice}} at the time Dr. Kelton’s articles, as under that
conclusion the onus if it exists at all begins at the time of discovery
of the condition requiring remedy, and not at the time of submission
of the petition. However, as a matter of record, although a draft
petition had been circulated to Dr. Kelton and others in 1954, and
I had personal discussions with Dr. Usinger on this subject at
Berkeley in January, 1955, it was not known to Dr. Kelton or my-
self in early 1955, when his manuscripts were in final preparation,
whether the petition would be proceeded with, or whether it would
be withdrawn or modified because of objections raised to it. Dr.
Kelton had some reason to believe he would be notified if the peti-
tion was to be forwarded ; no such notification had then been re-
ceived. In the absence of a submitted petition, of a clear-cut indi-
cation that the petition would be submitted, and of warrant under
the Rules for prejudging the case, Dr. Kelton, with my concurrence,
felt he should follow the course that appeared to be laid down by
the Rules. In order to minimize any harm that might result from
this decision, he inserted in each of his 1955 papers, not merely in
the third, cited by Dr. Slater, a concise statement of the nomen-
clatorial effects if the Carvalho — Knight — Usinger proposal should
be accepted. This statement is therefore available to all persons
using Dr. Kelton’s papers. All these papers were submitted for
publication and were proof-read, and all but the last were actually
published, before the submission of the Carvalho — Knight — Usinger
proposal to the International Commission, on December 9, 1955.

In further amplification it may be noted that the wording adopted
by the London Congress in 1958 (Draft, the International Code of
Zoological Nomenclature as Amended to 1958, Article 18 (4) (i) )
is more general. The new wording may conceivably be construed
to give protected status to Lygus with a changed type species,
though even under the new regulation the interpretation appears
open to doubt. There is again no mention of “ethics” or associated
phrases in the new wording, although a rule is laid down, violation
of which is of course open to the same objection as other violations
of the Rules.

108 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LV

However the new Rules do not take effect until the date of their
publication (Draft, Article 19 (3)).3 Until then we are bound by
the words of the old Rules, under which the correct action appears
to be to use Liocoris for the pratensis group and Lygus for the
pabulinus group of Lygus , sensu lato. Eminent zoologists have
often in the past chosen to ignore one provision or another of the
Rules, sometimes with good effect. I do not therefore, make the
categorical statement that the advice given by Dr. Slater in his con-
cluding paragraph is wrong. This is a question that each zoologist
must decide according to his conscience. However, at least until
the appearance of the new Rules, those deciding to use Lygus for
pratensis and allies should do so in the knowledge that they are
contravening the existing Rules, and not under the mistaken im-
pression that they are following them.

3 Probably to appear as Section XVII Article 80 in the published
International Code, according to information recently received.

TORRE-BUENO’S GLOSSARY OF
ENTOMOLOGY— SUPPLEMENT A

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^5sPoc>7 3
2> 27

'n s, Vol. lv

DECEMBER, 1960

No. 5

BULLETIN

OF THE

Brooklyn Entomological
Society

NEW SERIES

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE

JOHN F. HANSON

GEORGE S. TULLOCH JAMES A. SLATER

Published for the Society by
Business Press, Inc.

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Price, 85 cents Subscription, $4.00 per year

Mailed April 11, 1961

Entered as second-class matter January 21, 1919, at the post office at
Lancaster, Pa. under the Act of March 3, 1879

The Brooklyn Entomological Society

Meetings are held on the second Wednesday of each month from October to
May, inclusive, at the Engineers’ Club, 117 Remsen Street, Brooklyn 2
N. Y. The annual dues are $2.00.

OFFICERS 1960-61
Honorary President
R. R. McELVARE
President

HARRY BEATROS

Vice President

CASIM1R REDJIVES

Secretary

ANNA FLAHERTY

T rcasurer

R. R. McELVARE
P. O. Box 386
Southern Pines
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CONTENTS

A GYNANDROMORPHIC PSITTIYRUS (HYMENOP-
TERA: APIDAE), Milliron 109

NEW NEMATOCEROUS DIPTERA. PART IX, Alex-
ander 114

A NEW NUEVOBIUS, WITH A REVIEW OF THE
GENUS (CHILOPODA: LITTIOBIIDAE), Crabill ... 121

NOTES ON ALASKAN DROSOPHILIDAE (DIP-

TERA), AND A NEW SPECIES, Wheeler and Throck-
morton 134

MALE GENITALIA OF DROSOPHILA POPULI (DIP-
TERA), Takada 144

TORRE-BUENO’S GLOSSARY, Tulioch 148

CONTENTS AND SPECIES INDEX 149

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

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BULLETIN

OF THE

BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Vol. LV DECEMBER, 1960 No. 5

A GYNANDROMORPHIC SPECIMEN OF PSITHYRUS
FERN ALDAE FKLN. (HYMENOPTERA : APIDAE)

By H. E. Milliron, Glen Dale, West Virginia

The first known gynandromorphic bumblebee of the genus Bom-
bus was a specimen of lapidarius (L.) reported by Sichel in 1858.
Since then, five additional individuals have been recorded as fol-
lows: One of mastrucatus Gerst. by Ritsema (1881), and another
of the same species by Stockhert (1924) ; one of pratorum (L.) by
Frey-Gessner (1898) ; another of lapidarius by Stockhert (1920) ;
and, one of ruderarius Mull, also by Stockhert (1924). Certain de-
tails are absent from nearly all of these reports so that it is im-
possible to make close morphological comparisons. Some represent
the incomplete lateral type, others are mosaics, and at least one
( lapidarius of Stockhert) is of the frontal type. The rarity of
gynandromorphs in this large group of social bees, which has been
studied intensively for many years, is apparent by the small number
(six)1 of such cases that has been recognized throughout the world
during the past century. None has been known, heretofore, for any
species of the genus Psithyrus, the inquiline bumblebees.

The interesting specimen reported herein (Figure 1) was cap-
tured on August 5, 1960, by the writer on Solidago sp. at about
4,000 feet altitude on the way to the summit of Spruce Knob in
Pendleton County, West Virginia. It represents the frontal type,
having a head that resembles the female, a thorax (including ap-
pendages) of the same sex, and an abdomen that is completely male
except for some female parts in the genito-anal chamber.

1 This does not include W. B. R. Laidlow’s 1932 report (Scot.
Nat., p. 25) of a male B. agrorum (F.) with only the left side of
the head being female.

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Description of Gynandromorphic P. fernaldae (Fig. 1)

Dimensions : Body length 14.5 mm. (head and thorax 7.0 mm.,
abdomen 7.5 mm.) ; thoracic width at tegulae 6.0 mm.; abdominal
width at tergum two 6.5 mm. ; length of front wing 13.5 mm. (great-
est width 4.7 mm.) ; length of hind wing 9.0 mm. (greatest width
2.5 mm.). Head: Differs from that of a normal female in being
proportionately smaller, with narrower compound eyes, a slightly
more convex vertex with stronger punctation, and a clypeus that is
narrower, more convex and densely punctate. The labrum lacks
distinct tubercles and shelf, and is midway between female and
riiale. The mandibles are like those of a female, except that they
are more heavily bearded. The pubescence on the clypeus and face
is characteristically male. In all other respects, the head (in-
cluding the antennae) has the appearance of the female. Thorax:
Including the legs, like that of a small female ; little difference exists
between the wings in both sexes. Abdomen: The external struc-
ture is entirely male, with seven exposed terga and six visible
sterna (no reference is made to the small morphological first ster-
num). Coloration: The color of the pubescence on the head and
thorax is like that of the female, except for the conspicuous yellow
tuft above the antennal bases and the distinct black area between
the wing bases that are usually more obvious in the opposite sex.
The color of the abdomen above, and beyond tergum one (mor-
phological second), is interesting in that it shows two common
forms found in the male ; the right half of tergum two is pre-
dominantly yellow with an admixture of hlack, especially basally,
while the same part of tergum three is all yellow ; whereas, the left
halves of the corresponding terga are black, except for some yellow
lateroposteriorly on tergum three. The coloration not mentioned
for the remaining abdominal terga, and that for the abdominal
venter, is as found on the typical male.

Explanation of Plate

Fig. 1, Gynandromorphic specimen of P. fernaldae; abdominal
dorsum shows two distinct color forms common in the male.
(Photo by R. M. Fox, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa.)
Fig. 2. Ventral aspect of gynandromorphic P. fernaldae genitalia
and ninth abdominal sternum ; F — furcula, R — ramus of right sec-
ond valvula, 9S — ninth abdominal sternum, ST — stylus, 2VL —
right second valvifer, 2V — second valvulae.

Dec., 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

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Description and Comments on the Genitalia (Fig. 2)

Numbers associated with abdominal segments discussed beyond
are in accord with current morphological interpretation. Most of
the parts that comprise the dorsal and lateral confines of the
genito-anal chamber (i.e., the membranous and weakly sclerotized
portions of terga eight and nine, and the proctiger), as well as
sternum eight, are usual in every respect. Sternum nine (9S),
normally bilaterally symmetrical, is deformed on the right side and
bears little resemblance to the left side which approaches the usual
form. The chamber contained complete and apparently functional
male genitalia (to which no further anatomical reference is made),
as well as an incomplete, deformed and partly displaced female
genitalia ventrally on the right side. It should be noted that the
misshapened furcula (F) is inseparably attached to the base of the
male genitalia midventrally (complete dissection of that part, which
was not attempted, would have resulted in serious breakage).
There is no apparent evidence of the presence of first valvulae ; the
second valvulae (2V) are nearly complete but much distorted.

The ramus (R) of the right second valvula appears to have
been secondarily attached to a part of the furcula. The right
second valvifer (2VL) is small, much distorted and attached,
by a weak ligament, to a posteriorly directed strut from the baso-
lateral extension of the ninth sternum. The stylus (ST), borne
by the second valvifer, is interesting and the following should be
noted: (1) size about normal; (2) vestiture normal in amount,
most being characteristically plumose; (3) shape abnormal, i.e.,
cylindrical and not longitudinally concave along its mesal, or ven-
tral surface as on a normal female ; and, (4) segmentation indicated.

As far as the genitalia of this fernaldae specimen are concerned,
apparently they are like those associated with the specimen of
Bombus mastrucatus , to which only brief mention was made by
Stockhert (1924). They might also be compared to those detailed
for Andrena agilissima Scop, by Popov (1935), except in that case
the condition is reversed, there being the complete genitalia of the
female and only about half (right) of a non-functional male organ.
However, the present specimen is so constructed as to be more
suggestive of the homologies and of the derivation of male and
female genital parts than that described by Popov ; and, it seems to
me, the supernumerary nature of these female parts described here
should not necessarily disqualify them or nullify their value for
comparative purpose. The unusual form of the right side of the

Dec., i960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

113

ninth sternum indicates that this sternum was affected by, or took
part in, the formation of the female organ. In my specimen, there
are two principal points of interest : ( 1 ) the close connection of
the second valvulae with the base of the male genitalia, and the
attachment of the second valvifer to the ninth sternum support the
established contention that these parts are derivatives of the ninth
segment; and, (2) the stylus bears evidence of segmentation, sug-
gesting that it should be regarded as a homologue, at least in part,
of the outer clasper in the male.

The above specimen and its extracted parts are in the writer’s
personal collection.

References

Enderlein, G. 1913. Ein hervorragender Zwitter von Xylo-
copa mendozana aus Argentinien. Mit einem Verzeichnis
aller bisher beobachteten gynandromorphen Hymenopteren.
Stett. Ent. Zeitschr. 74: 124-140.

Dalla Torre, K. W. v. and H. Friese. 1899. Die hermaphro-
diten und gynandromorphen Hymenopteren. Ber. d. nat.-med.
Ver., Innsbruch 24: 1-96.

Frey-Gessner, E. 1898. Fauna Insectorum helvetiae. Hy-
menoptera, Apidae 1: 1-52 (Schweiz, ent. Ges.).

Popov, V. B. 1935. Ein Fall von teratologischen Hermaphro-
ditismus bei Andrena agilissima Scop. Rev. ent., U.R.S.S. 26:
160-164, 2 figs. [In Russian, with German summary].
Ritsema, C. [1880] 1881. [Gynandromorphic Bombus mastru-
catus Gerst.]. Tijdschr. v. Ent. 24, Verslag, p. cxi.

Sichel, fj.]. 1858. “Note sur un insecte hymenoptere herma-

phrodite ( Bombus lapidarius) .” Ann. soc. ent. France 6
(ser. 3), Bulletin 17 (4e Trimestre), pp. ccxlvii-ccxlix.
Stockhert, F. 1920. Ueber einem Fall von frontaler Gynandro-
morphie bei Bombus lapidarius L. Zeitschr. f. wiss. Ins. -Biol..
Berlin 16: 132-134.

. 1924. Uber Gynandromorphie bei Bienen und die

Beziehungen zwischen den primaren und sekundaren Ge-
schlechtscharakteren der Insekten. Arch. f. Naturg. 90:
(A. 2, h. 2) : 109-131.

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Vol. LV

UNDESCRIBED SPECIES OF NEMATOCEROUS
DIPTERA. PART IX1

By Charles P. Alexander, Amherst, Mass.

The preceding part under this general title appeared in December
1959 (Bui. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 54: 129-135). The species treated
herewith are from Sikkim, in the eastern Himalayas of India, where
they were collected in 1959 by Dr. Fernand Schmid. I am very
deeply indebted to Dr. Schmid for the privilege of studying these
exceptionally interesting flies, the types of which are preserved in
my personal collection.

TANYDERIDAE

Protanyderus sikkimensis, n. sp.

Size medium (wing of male 10 mm.) ; general coloration of meso-
notal praescutum brownish yellow, patterned with brownish gray ;
legs yellow, the tips of the femora weakly infuscated ; wings sub-
hyaline with a medium brown crossbanded pattern, the dark areas
narrowly bordered by darker, the interspaces broader than the
darkened bands ; basal darkening not connected with the central
area along vein Cu; male hypopygium with the spine of the disti-
style acute at tip.

Male: Length about 10 mm. ; wing 10 mm.

Female: Length about 11 mm.; wing 13 mm.

Rostrum brown, palpi and mouthparts black. Antennae short,
black throughout ; pedicel very large, flagellar segments sub-
cylindrical, much shorter than the verticils. Head brownish gray.

Cervical sclerites and pronotum dark brown. Mesonotal prae-
scutum with the ground brownish yellow, with four confluent
brownish gray stripes, the narrow interspaces with yellow setae
from darkened punctures; median region of scutum and the scu-
tellum brownish yellow, the latter slightly darkened medially, post-
notum grayish brown. Pleura and pleurotergite chiefly yellowish
brown. Halteres with stem yellow, knob dark brown. Legs with
coxae and trochanters brownish yellow ; femora yellow, tips weakly
infuscated ; tibiae and tarsi uniformly yellow, the last tarsal segment
a little darker. Wings subhyaline, with a medium brown cross-
banded pattern, the dark areas narrower than the interspaces, pale
brown, narrowly but conspicuously margined with darker, paler

1 Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory, University of
Massachusetts.

Dec., 1060 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

115

than in schmidi; a dark area at arculus, widely separated from the
second band at origin of Rs, the two confluent behind across the
bases of the Anal cells ; third band largest, expanded along costa,
narrowed behind, reaching the posterior border at veins Cu and A,
not connected along vein Cu with the first band, as in schmidi; the
narrower outer band occupies the cord, broadest at costa, reaching
the posterior border at veins M3 and Mk, in the outer radial field
sending a branch to the wing tip ; ground interspaces more exten-
sive than in schmidi ; cell C variegated with dark and pale areas,
in the male cell Sc similarly patterned ; space between the branches
of Cu pale with a series of brownish black spots, this area uniformly
darkened in schmidi; veins yellow, a trifle darker in the patterned
areas. Venation: Basal section of R5 very short.

Abdomen yellowish brown, tergites freckled with darker brown
setigerous punctures, sternites less evidently patterned. Male
hypopygium with the posterior border of the tergite with a broad
V-shaped notch. Dististyle relatively long and slender, not con-
spicously expanded opposite the base of its lateral spine, this acute
at tip ; apex of style with numerous setae.

Habitat: Sikkim. Holotype: J', Ramtang, 5780 feet, October
13, 1959 (Fernand Schmid). Allotopotype: <j>.

The types were found at night beneath stones along the bank of
a mountain torrent, associated with a second species of the genus,
Protanyderus venustipes , n. sp.

Protanyderus sikkimensis is quite distinct from the other Hima-
layan members of the genus, all differing among themselves in the
pattern of the legs and especially of the wings. The occurrence in
a single place of two distinct species of Protanyderus, as discussed
above, might seem to indicate the possibility of a more extensive
fauna of Tanyderid flies in the Indo-Chinese Region.

Protanyderus venustipes, n. sp.

Size medium (wing of female over 13 mm.) ; general coloration
of thorax dark brown ; legs handsomely patterned, femora black,
tibiae and tarsi yellow, the ends blackened ; wings whitened, with
a very conspicuous dark brown pattern, the general appearance
being of a darkened wing with eight white areas, the two basal ones
small ; male hypopygium with the lateral spine of the dististyle
slender.

Male: Length about 11 mm.; wing 9.5 mm.; antenna about 1.5
mm.

Female: Length about 10-11 mm.; wing 13.5-14 mm.; antenna
about 1.6 mm.

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Rostrum, mouthparts and palpi black. Antennae relatively short,
black throughout ; flagellar segments subcylindrical, much shorter
than the longest verticils, with a dense white pubescence. Head
dark gray, the posterior vertex darker medially.

Cervical region and pronotum brownish black, brown laterally.
Mesonotal praescutum and scutum dark brown, with a slightly
darker faintly impressed median line ; scutellum dark brown, paler
basally ; postnotum and pleura dark brown. Halteres with stem
light yellow, knob blackened. Legs with coxae and trochanters
black, weakly pruinose ; femora black ; tibiae light yellow, the base
blackened, the tip more broadly so, about equal to one-fourth or
one-fifth the yellow part ; basitarsus light yellow, the extreme base
vaguely darkened, outer fifth blackened, remainder of tarsi black.
Wings with the ground whitened, with a very conspicuous dark
brown pattern including three oblique crossbands, all interconnected
so that the dark color in places extends from the wing base to the
apex ; the general appearance is of a darkened wing with eight white
areas, two small basal ones postarcular, the others much larger,
including an oval area before cord in cells R and M , a larger one
caudad of this in cells Cu and A ; smaller areas in outer radial field
before the fork and at the wing tip ; the largest area lies beyond the
cord, extending from the posterior border of cell R5 to the margin
in cell Mu; the remaining white marking occupies the wing tip in
the medial field ; cell C with alternating white and brown lines, in
cases the dark color very heavy ; cell Ru uniformly darkened or
virtually so ; in the allotype, cells of posterior half of wing with
paler centers ; axillary area basad of the arculus light yellow ; veins
light yellow in the ground, light brown in the darkened parts.
Venation: Veins and Cu 2 widely divergent, cell Mu at margin
extensive.

Abdomen dark brown, without evident frecklings. Male hypo-
pygium with the tergite narrowed posteriorly, the border with a
V-shaped notch. Dististyle with the lateral spine more slender
than in sikkimensis , the outer end of style shorter, with longer setae.

Habitat: Sikkim. Holotype: J1, Ramtang, 5780 feet, October 13,
1959 (Fernand Schmid). Allotopotype: 5- Paratopotypes: 2 §?•
At night beneath stones on bank of a mountain torrent, associated
with Protanyderus sikkimensis , n. sp.

Protanyderus venustipes is readily told from the other Himalayan
species, P. schmidi Alexander and P. sikkimensis, n. sp., by the
distinctive pattern of the legs and wings.

Dec., 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

117

TRICHOCERIDAE

Paracladura superbiens, n. sp.

Size large (wing of female over 5.5 mm.) ; general coloration
dark brown ; wings pale yellow, conspicuously patterned with
brown, including a broad band at cord and seams over the outer
veins from R5 to MA inclusive; R2+3+u relatively short, from one-
half to three-fifths R 2 + 3-

Male: Length about 5 mm. ; wing 6-7 mm.

Female: Length about 4-6 mm. ; wing 5.6-8 mm. ; antenna about
3-4 mm.

Rostrum brown, mouthparts paler ; palpi black. Antennae
shorter than the body; scape and pedicel light yellow, flagellum
black, the outer segments paler. Head brownish gray.

Pronotal scutum dark brown, scutellum paler brown. Meso-
notum chiefly dark brown, the praescutum on sides before suture
and the parascutella paler. Pleura dark brown, paler behind,
fcfalteres with stem yellow, knob black. Legs with coxae brownish
yellow, fore pair darker ; trochanters testaceus yellow ; femora
brown, bases somewhat paler ; tibiae and tarsi darker brown.
Wings of type pale yellow, conspicuously patterned with brown,
including a broad band at cord, extending from costa to end of vein
Cu, slightly interrupted on vein M3+u; other darkenings on veins
R5 to Mu inclusive ; a broad seam in cell Cu behind vein Cu2, in-
cluding more than one-half the length of the cell ; cell 2nd A dark-
ened ; veins yellow, conspicuously darker in the patterned areas.
In some paratype specimens wings less heavily patterned, with vir-
tually the only darkening being the band over the cord. Costal
and Anal fringes long; macrotrichia on longitudinal veins beyond
arculus, longer on veins beyond cord, very small nearer the arculus,
on 2nd A with two or more at near midlength of the vein. Vena-
tion: R2 + 3+4 about one-half to three-fifths R2 + 3 ; m-cu on Mu, in
cases to nearly its own length ; cell 2nd A narrow.

Abdominal tergites dark brown, sternites with the posterior bor-
ders paler. Ovipositor with the cerci long-triangular. Male hypo-
pygium with the dististyles simple. Phallosome with paired dark-
colored central rods and small slender simple gonapophyses.

Habitat: Sikkim. Holotype: J, Yagtang, 11,200 feet, in Rhodo-
dendron association, May 28, 1959 (Fernand Schmid). Allotype:
Tangshing, 12,200 feet, in Rhododendron association, October
5, 1959. Paratopotypes: 4 Paratypes: 1 $, 2 with the
allotype.

Paracladura superbiens is quite distinct from P. elegans Brunetti,

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the only other regional species of the genus having patterned wings.
It is the largest species of Paracladura so far discovered, rivalling
in size the medium-sized members of the genus Trichocera.

Trichocera auripennis, n. sp.

General coloration black ; legs black, femoral bases yellow ; wings
brownish yellow beyond the cord, the base clear light yellow ; Rs
and most veins beyond the cord conspicuously seamed with brown.

Female: Length about 7 mm. ; wing 9.3 mm. ; antenna about
4 mm.

Rostrum and palpi black, terminal segment of the latter about
one-half longer than the penultimate. Antennae relatively long,
brownish black, outer flagellar segments paler ; first flagellar seg-
ment a trifle longer than the second, the latter subequal to segments
three to six, succeeding segments becoming much longer and at-
tenuated. Head black.

Thorax uniformly black, surface subnitidous ; praescutum with
sparse setae, two above the humeri much longer. Halteres yel-
lowed, the apex of knob destroyed by pests. Legs with coxae black ;
trochanters brownish black; remainder of legs black, the femoral
bases yellowed, on the fore and hind pairs including about the proxi-
mal sixth, on the mid femora nearly the proximal third. Wings
brownish yellow beyond the cord, the base, especially the prearcular
and costal fields, clear light yellow ; Rs, outer third of M and the
veins at and beyond the cord seamed with brown, least so on R1 + 2,
R3 and Ru, very heavy on cord and outer end of cell 1st M2; veins
in the infuscated parts dark brown, in the brightened fields clear
yellow, including C , Sc, R, Cult Cu2, 2nd A and the narrow bases
of M and 1st A. Macrotrichia of veins relatively short, lacking on
2nd A, base of Sc and proximal third of M and 1st A. Venation:
Sc ! ending just beyond R2, Sc2 about opposite one-third to one-
fourth the long Rs; R2+3+u straight, nearly twice as long as the
elevated R2 + 3; inner end of cell 1st M2 pointed; cell Mj about one-
third longer than its petiole; m-cu shortly before the fork of M3+Jt;
cell 2nd A wide ; a faint yellow supplementary vein behind vein
1st A, in appearance somewhat similar to Cu2.

Abdomen uniformly black. Ovipositor yellowish brown; cerci
relatively stout, outer half narrowed and strongly decurved to the
acute tips.

Habitat: Sikkim. Holotype: §, Tangshing, 14,100 feet, in Rho-
dodendron association, October 6, 1959 (Fernand Schmid).

Trichocera auripennis is entirely distinct from all other species

Dec., 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

119

in the yellow wings, especially striking on the proximal half. At-
tention is called to the supplementary vein behind 1st A which here
is better indicated than in most species of the genus.

Trichocera thaumastopyga, n. sp.

Size medium to large (wing generally about 10 mm.) ; general
coloration black, surface dull ; halteres and legs black ; wings broad,
whitened, with an abundant dotted pale brownish gray pattern, in-
cluding spots in cells excepting C, Sc, 1st M2 and 2nd A; ovi-
positor with cerci long-oval ; male hypopygium complex in struc-
ture, the sixth and seventh tergites modified into a tenaculum for
holding it.

Male: Length about 6.5-8 mm. ; wing 7.5-10 mm. ; antenna about
4-4.5 mm.

Female: Length about 8-8.2 mm.; wing 10.5-11 mm.; antenna
about 5 mm.

Rostrum dark gray with long porrect setae ; palpi short, black ;
mouthparts projecting as flattened blades. Antennae long, black,
apex of pedicel narrowly paler ; first flagellar segment about one-
half longer than the second ; segments with short dense pale pubes-
cence. Head dark brownish gray ; vertical tubercle large, rounded,
the lateral ocelli on its sides ; posterior vertex and occiput more
depressed ; sides of posterior vertex with long coarse setae.

Thorax black, the surface appearing dull by a slight gray prui-
nosity, intermediate praescutal stripes slightly indicated, the lateral
pair less so ; praescutal setae sparse but long, especially the anterior
ones ; scutal setae long, upcurved. Halteres brownish black. Legs
with coxae and trochanters black ; remainder of legs black, the
bases of the fore femora very narrowly and vaguely paler ; middle
and hind basitarsi with erect spinoid setae additional to the normal
vestiture. Wings broad, ground whitened, with a very abundant
pale gray dotted pattern, the spots occurring in all cells excepting
C, Sc, 1st M2 and 2nd A; spots circular in outline, tending to
become confluent, averaging about six or seven in cells Ru, R5, Cu
and 1st A, somewhat fewer in other cells; in cases, two or three
darkened spots in the costal cell ; veins slender, brownish black.
Macrotrichia of veins small but abundant, lacking on most of Sc
basad of Sc2, M and 2nd A; Rs and 1st A without trichia on about
the proximal third. Venation : Scj ending just before R2, Sc2 about
opposite one-third the length of Rs; R2+3+u about one-half R2 + 3;
cell Mx nearly twice its petiole; cell 1st M2 pointed at inner end;
m-cu before the fork of M3+Jt; cell 2nd A moderately broad.

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Abdomen dull black, including the male hypopygium ; genitalia of
female brown. Ovipositor with the cerci long-oval, narrowed to
the blunt tip ; hypovalvae stout basally, decurved and narrowed
outwardly, tips truncate. Male with the sixth tergite on either side
of the midline with about 25 very strong black spinous bristles that
are directed caudad, lacking on the mid-region ; seventh tergite
with a small median sclerotized Y-shaped rod directed caudad;
these structures form a tenaculum for holding the recurved male
hypopygium. Hypopygium complex ; basistyle with the inner face
produced mesad into a large flattened subtriangular blade, its outer
part with delicate setae, near base farther produced into a more
slender flattened arm, more or less cultrate in outline. Dististyle
slightly curved on basal half, the outer end dilated into a head,
farther produced into a long black spine, the head with an outer
lobule bearing several very long bristles ; base of head cephalad of
the spine with numerous more crowded bristles. Gonapophyses
appearing as flattened blades, narrowed to acute tips.

Habitat: Sikkim. Holotype: J', Tangshing, 14,100 feet, in Rho-
dodendron association, October 6, 1959 (Fernand Schmid). Allo-
topotype: §. Paratopotype : 1 §; paratype: J1, Lachmi Pokri, in
Rhododendron association, 14,000 feet, October 11, 1959.

Trichocera thaumastopyga is unquestionably the most remarkable
species of the genus so far discovered. Not only is the male hypo-
pygium unusually complex in structure, but the modified sixth and
seventh tergites forming a tenaculum for the hypopygium in a
position of rest is unique in the family. The ovipositor likewise is
aberrant in structure. The paratype is smaller than the type but
undoubtedly is conspecific. Superficially the fly most resembles
species such as T. punctipennis Brunetti ( versicolor Loew) or
T. reticulata Alexander, all having the hypopygium unmodified.
Species of Trichocera having complex male hypopygia now include
the Eurasian T. forcipula Nielsen, T. lutea Becher, T. mirabilis
Alexander, T. schmidi Alexander and T. stecki Bangerter, and the
North American T. colei Alexander, T. salmani Alexander and
T. ursa-major Alexander.

Dec., 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

121

A NEW NUEVOBIUS, WITH REVIEW OF THE
GENUS* (CHILOPODA: LITHOBIOMORPHA :
LITHOBIIDAE)

By R. E. Crabill, Jr.* 1

The lithobiid genus Nuevobius was proposed by R. V. Chamber-
lin in 1941 for the reception of a single new species, cavicolens ,
which had been collected within a cave in the northeastern Mexican
State of Nuevo Leon. The long, slender legs and extraordinarily
long, multisegmental antennae of the typical specimen appear to
reflect a habitus common to many cave-dwelling chilopods, includ-
ing members of each of the four orders. Indeed, the possession of
elongate appendages seems to be manifest in many different kinds
of cavernicolous arthropods, so that one might suppose that the
phenomenon reflects a form of adaptation imposed or facilitated by
life in caves.

The Chamberlin genus is of particular interest for at least two
other reasons. First, it bears a distinct resemblance to Sozibius,
whose species are very commonly encountered in the midwestern
and southeastern United States. In this regard, Chamberlin him-
self admitted that maintaining the separate generic identities of
Nuevobius and Sozibius might eventually prove to be untenable.
It is true enough that Nuevobius seems to represent a special
variant of the rather distinctive Sozibius pattern. However, the
supraspecific structure of the whole complex to which both are
referable is presently so poorly understood that a meaningful re-
alignment at the generic level would be impossible at that time.

I should also like to alert the reader to the existence of a third
important generic entity which manifests subtle but, I believe, con-
vincing evidence of being closely akin to the foregoing genera. I
refer to the widespread southeastern and midwestern genus Neo-
lithobius ( sensu Chamberlin), which appears to me to represent a
kind of precursive Sozibius. If we discount the tergital produc-
tions, which are not actually so meaningful for generic characteri-
zation as we once believed them to be (Crabill and Lorenzo, 1957,
p. 431), we are left with a group of characters which individually
and as a group clearly imply fairly close kinship with the other two
genera. Aspects of these relationships are explored in more detail

* This study was undertaken with the aid of a grant from the
National Science Foundation.

1 U. S. National Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington,
D. C.

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in the concluding section of this paper.

Finally, Nuevohius may now be shown to have an heretofore
unsuspected distributional significance, inasmuch as the second
species of the genus, here proposed as new, was recently collected
in a cave in southern Tennessee.

This interesting example of apparent distributional discontinuity
is reminiscent of the parallel case of Nyctunguis pholeter Crabill, a
schendylid that was also discovered in a Tennessee cave (Crabill,
1958, p. 154). As is true of the new Nuevohius , the affinities of
pholeter seem to be with the far Southwest. Perhaps it is signifi-
cant that Nyctunguis , which is represented by a number of species
in Mexico and in the far western United States, is without known
representation in the central Continent, while in the East it is
known from a single species, a cavernicole. Both cases seem to lend
support to the idea that faunal connections linking the North Amer-
ican Southeast with the Southwest and with lands to the south were
once more pronounced than they are today. Possibly the post-
Pliocene topographic and related climatic changes of the continent
impoverished or interrupted many existing faunal continua, with
the result that certain groups in the East were able to survive only
sporadically, under particularly suitable conditions, such as those
that caves offered.

Nuevobius cottus,1 * n. sp.

Sharing the distinctive criteria that signalize their genus, cottus
and cavicolens obviously differ in many important respects. These
are listed below : those believed to have particular diagnostic value
are preceded by an asterisk.

Nuevohius cavicolens: (1) Tergites 11 and 13 “well produced’5.
(2) Color amber yellow. (3) 15th leg pretarsus without accessory
claws. *(4) 14th leg pretarsus without accessory claws. *(5)
15D= 10310; 14D = 10311. *(6) Spur series VPM beginning on
first leg.

Nuevohius cottus: (1) Tergites 11 and 13 very weakly produced.
(2) Color predominantly reddish-brown and dilute. (3) 15th leg
pretarsus with a minute (setiform) accessory claw. *(4) 14th leg
pretarsus with a prominent setiform and a large unguiform ac-
cessory claw. *(5) 15D= 10321, i.e. series DFA and DTiP con-
tinuing posteriorly to and occur on leg 15 (both stopping short of 15
in cavicolens ) ; 14D = 10322, i.e. DFA and DTiA present on 14 in

1 In allusion to Cottus, one of the trio of “hundred-handed” mon-

sters slain by Hercules.

Dec., 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

123

cottus, absent on 14 in cavicolens. *(6) Spur series VPM begin-
ning posterior to legs of midbody; in cavicolens VPM beginning on
leg 1.

Holotype <£. — Tennessee: Blount County, Tuckaleechee Caverns,
near Townsend, April 18, 1959 (Thomas C. and Catherine Barr).
U.S. N.M. Myriapod Catalogue Number 2673; Myriapod Collec-
tion Number 148.

Introductory. — Length, 23 mm. Color: Tergites dilute reddish-
brown, their margins somewhat darker, the underlying musculature
discernible ; cephalic plate deep red-brown, opaque ; legs very pale
red-brown on outer surfaces, inner surfaces shading to hyaline, the
underlying musculature plainly discernible.

Antennae. — Each about 18 mm. long; when pulled posteriorly,
reaching the end of the 10th tergite, thus well exceeding midbody
length. Each with 42 articles; the articles of the proximal two-
thirds notably elongate, each much longer than wide. The first
3-4 articles sparsely clothed with longer setae, thereafter the setae
increasing in density and decreasing in length.

Cephalic plate — (Fig. 2.). — Greatest length, 2.7 mm., greatest
width, 3.0 mm., thus somewhat wider than long. The limbus (Note
A) posterocentrally distinctly procurved and wider and higher than
elsewhere; laterally distinctly disjunct; anterior to dis juncture
limbus is narrow and lower but continuous to ocellar area. Head
surface very smooth, lustrous; setae sparse, long. Frontal and
antennocellar sutures (Note B) pronounced, interconnecting, com-
plete.

Ocellar area — (Fig. 2a). — With prominent, multiseriate ocelli
disposed in some five irregular horizontal rows, e.g., from bottom
to top approximately, 1 + 56655. Ocelli of upper two rows ovate,
larger than those below ; those of lower series subovate to subcir-
cular, their rows very poorly defined. The major ocellus (Note C)
distinctly separated from the minor ocelli, most widely from those
of the lower 4 series, and distinctly much larger than the largest of
the minor ocelli. Organ of Tomdsvary situated in the lower an-
terior corner of the ocellar area ; well separated from all minor ocelli,
small in size, not larger than the nearest minor ocellus, subcircular
in shape.

Prehensorial segment. — (Figs. 1, 3). — Prosternal dentition, right
9, left 11, the teeth relatively long and acute; central diastema dis-
tinctly U-shaped, narrow ; porodonts lateral and very slightly ven-
tral to their respective dental rows, delicate, very fine, distinctly
thinner than neighboring setae. Prehensors relatively thin and
long, their ungulae notably so ; approximately the apical third of
each ungula is curved somewhat posteriorly.

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Tergites. — The 11th and 13th weakly but distinctly produced;
the productions of the 11th very slight, those of the 13th more pro-
nounced ; the 9th tergite without discernible productions. Each
tergite with complete, raised lateral margins, these margins becom-
ing higher and more prominent on the more posterior tergites of
the body, particularly on the 10th, 12th, and 14th. Rear margins of
the 14th and 16th tergites subtruncate. The following tergites dis-
tinctly wider than long: 1,2,4,6,9,11,13,15. The following tergites
distinctly longer than wide: 3,5,8, 10, 12, 14, 16. The 7th tergite only
slightly wider than long; the 15th concealed beneath the 14th and
nearly vestigial, but its discrete, flanking catapleurites well-devel-
oped. First tergite lustrous, those following becoming successively
more roughened, the more posterior tergites very weakly papulate.

Explanation of Plate

Figs. 1-4, 6, Holotype, Nuevobius cottus, n. sp. Fig. 5, Sozibius
tuobukus (Chamberlin) from Russellville, Tennessee, one of the
localities from which the original series of the species was drawn.
Fig. 1, Left side of prosternum, with left prehensor in situ. (Ven-
tral aspect; setae deleted). Poison calyx with emergent poison
canal shown in stipples. Fig. 2, Left side of cephalic plate. (Dorsal

aspect; setae deleted), a ocellar area, b major ocellus, c

posterior portion of antennocellar suture, d frontal or trans-
verse suture, its left end meeting the antennocellar suture, e

extension of the limbus anterior to the dis juncture, f dis juncture

of the limbus, g posterior, raised portion of the limbus. Fig. 3,

Extreme left end of the prosternal denture. (Ventral aspect; all
setae shown). Porodont shown to the viewer’s lower right left of
outermost tooth. Fig. 4, Left ultimate leg. (Inner surfaces shown,
the dorsal side rotated very slightly away from the observer ; setae
deleted). Dense porosity of distoprefemoral articles represented in

stipples, a densely porous (cribrose) inner surface of femur,

b nearly poreless ventral surface, c spur VFM, its tip ap-
proximately trident, d spur VFP, its tip plain, not trident, e

spur DFP, its tip approximately trident, f greatest length of

cephalic plate, showing extraordinary length of rear leg. Fig. 5,
Tarsus of 12th leg, N. tuobukus. (Inner surface; setae deleted).
Note conspicuous tarsal division and relative lengths of tarsal arti-
cles. Cf. Fig. 6. Fig. 6, Tarsus of 12th leg, N. cottus. (Inner

surface; setae deleted), a proximotarsus, b tarsal division,

a true dorsal condyle absent, c distitarsus, d inner (ungui-

form) accessory claw of pretarsus.

Dec., i960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

125

Crabill

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Cursipeds. — (Fig. 6, Note D). — Each tarsus distinctly biarticu-
late but none with a true dorsal interarticular condyle. Each
proximo- and distitarsus with two poorly-defined pectines. The
cursipeds relatively longer than those of similar lithobiids, chiefly
owing to elongation of tarsi. Each distitarsus relatively much
shorter than its proximotarsus, the former being about Yz as long as
the latter on each of the more posterior legs. As the whole leg in-
creases in length on legs 1-12, the proximotarsi increase in length
proportionately, but the distitarsi remain essentially constant in
length. Pretarsi each with a prominent outer and inner accessory
claw, the inner (unguiform) claws strongly falciform. Coxal pores
present on legs 12-15, from front to rear 6775. Each porigerous
coxa ventrally with coxal pores situated in a deep trench or scrobis
(Note E) whose outer (morphologically, anterior) wall is consid-
erably extended. Coxal pores (except one or two at each end of
each row) very strongly elliptical to narrowly subrectangular, the
long axis of each pore being at least 4 times the narrow axis. Po-
rigerous coxae notably more setose than those preceding.

Tenacipeds. — (Fig. 4, Note E). — Both tenacipeds very long and
thin ; neither inflated as a whole or in part. The distiprefemoral
articles of each densely cribrose (Note F) on inner surfaces; inner
surfaces not midlongitudinally sulcate as in Sozihius. Each tenaci-
ped with a complete intertarsal division ; each with a true intertarsal
dorsal condyle; neither with ventrotarsal pectines. Penultimate
leg: length, 9.4 mm. (thus significantly longer than the 12th, which
is 7.6 mm. long) ; entirely without general or regional inflation ;
totally without lobes, knobs, ridges, special setal clusters or other
similar appurtenances ; pretarsus with two prominent accessory
claws. Ultimate leg very long and thin, 1 1 mm. ; no article inflated ;
pretarsus small, with a vestigial setiform accessory claw ; dorsal
surface of femur flattened and shallowly, broadly excavate, with a
vague sulcus within the excavation, the whole article very slightly
bowed ventrally, totally without other special sexual modifications,
e.g. knobs, ridges, mounds, extensions, setal clusters, etc.

Plectrotaxy. — -(See accompanying chart). — Last two pairs of
coxae laterally armed ; last four pairs dorsally armed. Ultimate
leg dorsally without supernumerary spurs. Of special diagnostic
importance: DFA and DFP both continuing to the 15th leg; DTiP
present on 15, DTiA present on 14; VPM absent on the legs of
anterior body (present on 10-15) ; VTiA present on nearly all
legs; VTiP wholly absent. Quantitatively: 15D= 10321, 14D =
10322 ; 15V = 01332, 14V = 01332.

Postpedal segments. — Male gonopods knoblike, very small, uni-

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articulate. Gonopods and intervening sternite densely clothed with
long setae.

Plectrotaxy of Holotype

Leg C

10.

11.

12. a

13. a

14. a

15. a

DORSAL

amp

VENTRAL

amp

Paratype — With the collection data of holotype.

The paratype, evidently in the pseudomaturus stadium, agrees
very closely with the holotype, differing from it in the following
notable particulars. Length, 19 mm. Antennae : right with 43,
left with 42 articles; 14 mm. long. Prosternal teeth: right 11, left
1 1 ; 3 on each side of the diastema are small and supernumerary.
Coxae: last 2 laterally, last 4 dorsally armed. VPM beginning on
8. Last two pairs of legs missing.

Concerning Nuevobius Chamberlin

Nuevobius Chamberlin, 1941, p. 188.

Type-species : Nuevobius cavicolens Chamberlin, 1941. (Mono-
typic and original designation).

The following characterization of the genus is based upon the
information presented in Chamberlin’s original description in con-
junction with that gained from the study of the types of cottus.

With two known species: N. cavicolens Chamberlin, 1941, p. 188,
type locality, Mexico, State of Nuevo Leon, Villa Santiago (Haci-
enda Vista Hermosa), Horsetail Falls, “in dung of bat cave, one-
quarter mile from entrance” ; N. cottus , n. sp., Tennessee, Blount

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County, Tuckaleechee Caverns, near Townsend.

Distinguishing characteristics. — (Also see key, following). —
In combination: prosternal teeth numerous, 6-11 on a side. An-
tennae multiarticular (articles more than 40) and very long, ex-
tending beyond midbody length. Tergites 11 and 13 at least shortly
produced. All legs long and thin. Male penult legs not inflated,
without special appurtenances, without sulci on inner surfaces ; on
each the femur dorsally excavate but not otherwise modified. 15D =
10310 or 10321.

Affinities. — Nuevobius belongs to that complex of medium to
large lithobiids having: (a) higher antennal and prosternal num-
bers; (b) specially modified ultimate femora in the males; (c)
biarticulate cursipedal tarsi ; and (d) a complete or nearly complete
representation of spur series (although VTiP may or may not be
present). In addition, at least some of the tergites are produced,
if only weakly. In the eastern United States this generic ensemble
includes Nuevobius, Sozibius, Neolithobius, and, if it is generically
distinct, Serrobius. These four genera are compared in a key fol-
lowing this section.

Of these, Nuevobius is surely closest in general structure to
Sozibius, with which it may merge should the discovery of addi-
tional species warrant such an amalgamation. Apart from the
overall similarity of the two, it seems clear that they resemble one
another in a number of critical individual characters as well, spe-
cifically :

(1) The antennal number is high, always exceeding the 20-25
range, which is usually diagnostically critical in American lithobiids
and ethopolyids. That is, the vast majority of species fall into one
of two groups in this regard : in a given species the antennal number
is either 20, intraspecifically varying from about - 1 or - 2 to + 2
(as much as + 5 being very uncommon) , or else the antennal number
exceeds 25, usually being much higher, in which case intraspecific
variation increases in range approximately proportionately with
increase in mode. In the high-count category it is possible to dis-
tinguish subcategories, but they are usually rather unstable. The
most practical gross division distinguishes between: (A) species
with 20 (-2 to + 5) articles, and (B) species with at least 25 and
usually more than 30 articles.

(2) In each genus the prosternal number is always greater than
2 per side, being 4-11 per side in known adults. The prosternal
number of 2 per side is specified because it too represents a diag-
nostic point of departure. That is, in the majority of North Amer-
ican species known to me an adult prosternal formula of 2 + 2 is

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absolutely stable intraspecifically, whereas any higher number tends
to be variable within the species. In addition, the higher the modal
number, the greater the range of intraspecific variability. For
example, every known specimen of Nadabius pullus (Bollman) has
an unvarying number of 2 per side, i.e. full formula, 2 + 2, and the
same can be said of scores of other species, e.g. Nampabius den-
drophilus Chamberlin, Pokabius bilabiatus (Wood), Garibius opi-
colens Chamberlin, Sigibius puritanus Chamberlin ; numerous other
examples could be offered in evidence. On the other hand, in
Nadabius aristeus Chamberlin the prosternal number is 3 to 4 per
side, an adventitious fifth being seen in rare cases; in Sozibius
proridens (Bollman) the number per side varies from 5 to 7 ; in
Lithobius for ficatus (Linnaeus) it varies from 5 to 10 or even more.

(3) In Nuevobius and in all but two species of Sozibius tergite 9
is never produced, 1 1 and 13 being very weakly to moderately pro-
duced.

(4) In both genera the limbus is pronounced and is laterally
distinctly broken, the depth of the dis juncture varying interspecifi-
cally.

(5) In both genera the tarsi of the cursipeds are biarticulate but
lack true intertarsal condyles, which, however, always occur on the
tenacipeds.

(6) In both, the inner surfaces of the distiprefemoral articles of
the tenacipeds are densely cribrose.

(7) In both, the interdental diastema of the prosternum is U-
shaped.

(8) In both, the ultimate male femur is dor sally excavate and
more or less bowed ventrally.

(9) In both, at least some of the posterior coxae are laterally
armed.

Admitting that our knowledge of both, particularly of Nuevobius,
is as yet limited, on the basis of existing information it is possible
to suggest that the two differ significantly as follows :

Sozibius: (1) Antennae do not reach midbody length; antennal
articles are relatively shorter than in Nuevobius. (2) Major ter-
gites are shorter, more nearly quadrate. (3) Prehensorial ungula
is shorter, somewhat more robust. (4) Porodont is about as long
and robust as adjacent setae. (5) Each of the rear porigerous coxae
is flat or nearly flat ventrally, scrobes being absent; the coxal pores
are circular to subcircular. (6) The distitarsi of the rear cursipeds
are about half as long as their proximotarsi. (7) Inner surfaces of
distiprefemoral articles of tenacipeds are distinctly midlongitudin-
ally sulcate. (8) Male ultimate femur inflated as a whole and

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usually regionally in addition ; typically with high mounds or exten-
sions ; always with special setal clusters ; in some species the pre-
femur is also regionally inflated and bears special setal clusters.
(9) DFA never extends to 15, only to 11 or 12; DTiA extends to
11 or 12 ; VPM extends in all species from 1 through 15.

Nuevobius: (1) Antennae reach beyond midbody length, at least
to level of 10th tergite; articles are relatively longer. (2) Major
tergites are longer, more rectangular. (3) Prehensorial ungula is
longer, thinner. (4) Porodont (at least in cottus) is much finer
and shorter than neighboring setae. (5) Each of the rear porig-
erous coxae ventrally is deeply scrobate ; within each scrobis the
pores, particularly the more central ones, are extremely elongate
and narrow. (6) The distitarsi of the rear cursipeds are about j/3
as long as their proximotarsi. (7) Inner surfaces of the distipre-
femoral articles of tenacipeds are not sulcate. (8) Male ultimate
femur is not at all inflated and lacks projections, mounds, and setal
clusters ; prefemur is entirely unmodified. (9) DFA extends from
1 through 15; DTiA extends through 14; VPM is variable but
commences well toward the rear of the body.

Key to Genera

The following key includes those eastern North American genera
having the following characteristics in combination : prosternal teeth
more numerous than 2 + 2 ; antennal articles more numerous than
28 ; ultimate leg of male with pronounced sexual modifications.

la. Tergites 7-9-11-13 distinctly produced. Spur series VTiP
present in some species

Neolithobius Stuxberg (sensu Chamberlin)

lb. Tergite 7 never produced. In most, tergites 11 and 13 are not

produced or are weakly produced. Tergite 9 is weakly pro-
duced in Sozibius t exanus Chamberlin, and it is strongly pro-
duced in an as yet undescribed species of the genus. VTiP
evidently never present 2

2a. Antennae very long, reaching as far as, or to the end of tergite
10. On legs 10-12 the distitarsi are very short in relation to
the proximotarsi, being about Y$ as long. Coxal pores very
strongly elongate and set into deep coxal scrobes. Ultimate
leg of male very long and slender, no article inflated, not com-
pressed laterally ; femur dorsally excavate and shallowly sulc-
ate, without setal clusters or special appurtenances ; prefemur
without supernumerary spurs dorsally ; inner surfaces of arti-
cles not sulcate (cavernicolous forms)

Nuevobius Chamberlin

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131

2b. Antennae shorter, not reaching as far as tergite 10. On legs
10-12 the distitarsi are longer in relation to the proximotarsi,
being about half as long. Coxal pores usually subcircular, at
most being weakly subelliptical ; usually on the flat ventral
coxal surface, at most in very shallow depressions. Male
ultimate leg notably inflated as a whole and relatively shorter,
compressed laterally ; femur always strongly inflated, the pre-
femur in some species inflated ; femur dorsally excavate, with
pronounced elevations anteriorly and posteriorly or at one end
or the other, with special setal clusters, often strongly ridged
on outer side ; prefemur sometimes strongly inflated and with
special setal clusters; with supernumerary dorsal spurs (only
in Sozibius pulchellus (Causey)2; inner surfaces deeply to

weakly sulcate 3

3a. 1 5th coxa said to be armed with a ventral spur

Pearsobius Causey3

3b. 15th coxa ventrally without a spur Sozibius Chamberlin

Appendix Notes

A. New Term. Limbus, pi. limbi: a second-declension Latin
masculine noun meaning border, rim, margin. Here it is applied
restrictively to the lateral and posterior raised margin of the cephalic
plate as it occurs in most Lithobiomorpha and many Scolopendro-
morpha. Adjective, limbate. See Fig. 2, e, g.

B. New Term. The antennocellar suture is here defined as that
sinuous anterolateral suture on each side of the head that passes
from the antennal socket, where it arises in the vicinity of the dorsal

2 New Combination. The Causey species was proposed (1942, p.
7 9) as the type-species of a new genus, Serrobius, which here is
regarded as a subjective junior synonym of Sozibius.

3 The generic distinctiveness of Pearsobius carolinus Causey
(1942, p. 80), the type-species of Pearsobius , rests in some doubt.
Dr. Causey’s original description called particular attention to the
presence of a ventral coxal spur on leg 15, which is indeed a dis-
tinctive characteristic, if it is constant and not a phenotypic anom-
aly. I have seen specimens from North Carolina and Virginia that
agree closely with carolinus in every feature but this one. If the
ventral coxal armature of carolinus is anomolous, then it would
come within Sozibius. Under the circumstances I should not feel
justified in formalizing such a merger without first studying the
types, which are unavailable.

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articular processes, posteriorly to meet the lateral end of the frontal
suture, whence it curves backward to delineate the dorsomesal and
posterior limits of the ocellar area. See Fig. 2, c.

C. Major ocellus is intended to specify the large, often discrete,
posterior-most ocellus of the ocellar area. In the familiar ocellar
formula it is cited to the left of the plus sign, e.g. 1 + vwxyz. The
smaller, seriate ocelli, which are always anterior to and usually well
separated from the major ocellus, may then be termined the minor
or seriate ocelli. See Fig. 2, b.

D. New Terms. Cursipeds, tenacipeds. Cursiped is a new term
devised to specify any one of the first 13 pairs of legs. The word is
based upon the Latin words pes, foot, and cursus, the perfect past
participle of currere, to run. Tenaciped refers to the 14th or the
15th leg and is formed from pes and tenax (genitive, tenacis) ,
meaning holding firmly, gripping.

Etymologically, they are suggestive of an essential division of
labor manifest within the anteroposterior series of body legs. The
legs of at least the anterior two-thirds of the body are concerned
primarily with locomotion. The more posterior legs, notably the
last two pairs, but not necessarily these alone, although possibly
instrumental in effecting locomotion to some extent, are primarily
anchoring and raptorial devices. It is not suggested that this
functional division is absolute, only that it is valid within limits* and
that in any event the present designatory device is useful and ex-
pedient.

Thus for descriptive and diagnostic purposes it is convenient to
treat the legs as if they were divisible into two groups, one compris-
ing legs 1-13, the other, legs 14 and 15. A number of pedal char-
acteristics justifies this somewhat artificial grouping.

( 1 ) Proceeding from front to rear, we see that the legs manifest
at least two gradual changes : they become longer ; their long axes
swing posteriorly, successively forming a smaller angle with the
longitudinal axis of the body. In other words, each successive leg
tends more closely to approach being parallel to the body’s long
axis. In the Lithobiinae and Ethopolyinae the 14th and 15th legs
are usually disproportionately slightly longer and more parallel to
the body’s long axis than the preceding legs. (2) In the Lithobiinae
(but not in the Ethopolyinae) all species known to me to have In-
articulate tarsi lack true intertarsal condyles on legs 1-13. In these
the circumarticular suture is simply interrupted dorsally by unmodi-
fied exoskeleton. But in all Lithobiinae each of legs 14 and 15 has
a biarticulate tarsus and a true intertarsal condyle. Note that the
tenacipeds have true condyles whether or not the cursipeds have

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biarticulate tarsi. (3) When tarsal pectines are present, they occur
only on the cursipeds, never on the tenacipeds. (4) In all species
known to me the cursipeds invariably have two pretarsal accessory
claws, but one or both tenacipeds may have one or the other, both,
or no accessory claws. (5) Male secondary sexual modifications,
when present, occur on one or the other, or on both of the tenaci-
peds ; they are rarely, if ever, present on the cursipeds. (6) Several
plectrotaxic criteria lend weight to this division. When VTiP is
present on some or on all of the cursipeds, it rarely, if ever, occurs
on the tenacipeds. When VCM is present, it nearly always occurs
only on 15, or on 14 and 15. DTiA, which is common on the
cursipeds, is uncommon on 14 and rarely occurs on 15. (7) It is

well known that certain articles of the last two legs have densely
porous inner surfaces, whereas in the majority of known species
the homologous cursiped leg surfaces are often described as being
non-porous. This, however, is in error, for careful examination
shows that the cursipeds too are porous, though their pores are so
sparse and small that they readily escape detection. Therefore, the
distinction should properly be drawn between (a) densely porous
(or better, cribrose) leg articles and (b) sparsely porous (or non-
cribose) leg articles. The new designation, cribose, is introduced
here to specify only those leg surfaces that are densely porous. The
reader should be warned, however, that whereas many lithobiids
conform to this pattern (i.e. 1-13 non-cribose, 14 and 15 cribose),
some do not. For instance, in several species of Tidabius legs 13-
15 are cribrose; in a number of neotropical gosibiids many of the
cursipeds anterior to the 13th are cribrose. Once thoroughly stud-
ied, this subtle character will probably prove very useful in specific
and supraspecific diagnoses. Cf. Figs. 4, a and 6, a.

References

Causey, N. B. 1942. New lithobiid centipedes from North
Carolina. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 58(1) : 79-83, 2 figs.
Chamberlin, R. V. 1941. New chilopods from Mexico. Pan-
Pac. Ent. 17(4) : 184-188.

Crabill, R. E. 1958. A new schendylid from the eastern
United States, with notes on distribution and morphology
(Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha : Schendylidae). Ent. News
69(6) : 153-160.

Crabill, R. E. and M. A. Lorenzo. 1957. On the identity of
the Gunthorp types, Part II, and some notes on plectro-
taxic criteria (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha : Lithobiidae).
Canad. Ent. 89(9) : 428-432.

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NOTES ON ALASKAN DROSOPHILIDAE (DIPTERA),
WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES

By Marshall R. Wheeler1 and Lynn H. Throckmorton2

During July and August, 1960, we had an opportunity to make
Drosophila collections in Alaska, primarily to obtain cultures of
D. montana for use in studies of evolutionary cytology. A num-
ber of other species were also attracted to the yeasted banana bait
and several species of Scaptomyza and Chymomyza were collected
by other means. There are so few reports of Alaskan Dro-
sophilidae that these new collections have more than tripled the
number of species recorded from the state. We have supplemented
our data with the unpublished collection records of Dr. Dwight
Miller of the University of Nebraska who worked in the Anchorage-
Palmer and Fairbanks-College areas during the summer of 1957.
The Alaskan records of Hackman (1955, 1959) for the genus
Scaptomyza have also been included.

The principal localities from which Drosophilidae have been
taken are shown on Fig. 1. The winding broken line within the
state shows, very roughly, the approximate limit of the spruce-
birch interior forests. The tundra region, mostly in the north and
west, is not absolutely treeless, however, since there are small
willows, alders, and occasionally cottonwoods, especially along
rivers and stream banks. Collections at King Salmon and Bethel
were marginal, the preponderant heath tundra interdigitating with
the sparse stands of stunted spruce ; several species of Drosophila
were taken at these marginal locations, but the populations ap-
peared to be quite small. Cape Thompson, the site of Project
Chariot of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, and Nome are
both well removed from forested areas, and we were unable to
catch any Drosophila at either of these tundra areas (except for
Drosophila immigrans in a store), although we did collect single
specimens of Scaptomyza at each of them.

In view of the great size of the state and its considerable variety
of habitats, the present report cannot be considered as more than
preliminary. It seems clear, however, that the variety of species
of Drosophilidae to be expected in such northern latitudes will in-

1 Department of Zoology, The University of Texas, Austin,
Texas.

2 Division of Life Sciences, The University of California, Riv-
erside, California.

Dec., 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

135

evitably be much smaller than that of more moderate climatic
regions. On the other hand Alaskan collections are of special
interest in detecting additional examples of Holarctic species, par-
ticularly with regard to species previously considered to be limited
to the Palaearctic region. Basden (1956) in his excellent sum-
mary of the species of Drosophilidae from the arctic regions (de-
fined as that area north of the Arctic Circle) points out that the
number of species of the family recorded as common to the
Nearctic and Palaearctic regions is 22, but that nine of these, and
probably more, are dubiously conspecific in both regions, and that
many of the remainder are cosmopolitan species. The real paucity
of the family in arctic areas is clearly demonstrated by Basden
(op. cit.) and Basden and Harnden (1956) ; only 24 species out
of well more than 1000 in the family were definitely recorded from
north of the Arctic Circle (Lat. 66° 32' N). It was further pointed
out that not a single species was known from the arctic areas of
Alaska, Canada or Greenland. Our collection of a specimen of
Scaptomyza from Cape Thompson (c. Lat. 68° 10' N), therefore,
represents the first record of a Drosophilid from arctic North
America.

Approximately one-third of that part of Alaska lying north of
the Arctic Circle (Fig. 1) is forested. Since the only known at-
tempt to collect Drosophilidae in the far north was in a tundra
area, the apparent absence of the family in arctic Alaska is mis-
leading. In fact, it seems safe to predict that in the forested areas
north of Fairbanks collectors will find Drosophila athahasca, mon-
tana, testacea and subquinaria, one to several species of Scaptomyza
and Chymomyza, and possibly occasional specimens of “domestic”
species within buildings as well.

Alaskan Species of Drosophilidae

1. Drosophila ( Drosophila ) montana Stone, Griffen and Pat-
terson, 1941. Anchorage, Big Lake, Matanuska Valley, King
Salmon, Bethel, Fairbanks, College. D. montana is found only
in moist areas near streams and lakes where it is associated with
cottonwood or alder. In California, Wyoming and Oregon the
larvae were found in the decaying phloem tissue of cut or broken
limbs and trunks of these trees.

2. D. (Drosophila) testacea von Roser, 1840. Anchorage, Fair-
banks, College. This Holarctic species is largely, if not entirely,
fungivorous, but it is readily attracted to banana bait.

3. D. (Drosophila) melanderi Sturtevant, 1916. Anchorage.
Our four specimens represent the first record of this fungivorous

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species in Alaska ; the nearest previous known locality was in
Washington.

4. ( Drosophila ) immigrans Sturtevant, 1921. Nome. This
cosmopolitan, “domestic” species was found by us around bananas,
tomatoes and potatoes in a grocery store.

5. D. ( Drosophila ) funebris (Fabricius), 1787. Big Lake,
Matanuska Valley, Palmer, College. Dr. Dwight Miller (personal
communication) reports that this cosmopolitan species was some-
times found breeding in rotting potatoes in such numbers in the
Matanuska Valley that the adults were considered a nuisance in
homes.

6. D. ( Drosophila ) subquinaria Spencer, 1942. Anchorage, Big
Lake, Kodiak, King Salmon, Bethel, Fairbanks. It has been
shown elsewhere (Wheeler, 1960) that this fungivorous species
is probably the same as the Palaearctic transversa Fallen, while
the species in North America which has erroneously been called
transversa was undescribed and has now been named falleni. Lab-
oratory tests are now in progress which should settle the question
of the identity of subquinaria and transversa.

7. D. ( Sophophora ) athabasca Sturtevant and Dobzhansky, 1936.
Anchorage, Big Lake, King Salmon, Bethel, Fairbanks, College,
Matanuska Valley, Dead Man’s Lake; also from Chitina, Juneau,
Ketchikan and Gravina Island (Dobzhansky and Epling 1944).
This is by far the most common species in the forested areas of
Alaska, and is one of the most widely distributed native species of
Drosophila in North America (Miller, 1958). It is readily at-
tracted to fermenting banana bait.

8. D. ( Sophophora ) melanogaster Meigen, 1830. Anchorage.
We found this cosmopolitan species in a grocery store; Dr. Miller
found a male in an apartment building. As with D. immigrans
there is no evidence that this species has established itself in wild
environments in Alaska .

9. D. ( Sophophora ) populi new species. Anchorage. This new
species, represented by 37 individuals swept from a fallen cotton-
wood tree along Rabbit Creek, is described below.

10. Scaptomyza ( Hemiscaptomyza ) terminalis (Loew), 1863.
Sitka, Anchorage, Kodiak. The type locality was Sitka and, ac-
cording to Hackman (1955, 1959), the species has never been
found elsewhere.

11. S'. ( Hemiscaptomyza ) trochanterata Collin, 1953. Anchor-
age, Matanuska, Fairbanks. The species was first reported as
Holarctic by Hackman (1959) ; it is widespread in the Palaearctic
region.

Dec., 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

137

12. S'. ( Hemiscaptomyza ) unipunctum (Zetterstedt) , 1847.
Bethel, Fairbanks. This is the first record from North America;
Hackman (1959) reported it from Kamchatka as well as other
Palaearctic areas. Although our new records are based upon single
males from each locality, the male genitalia agree quite well with
that described for unipunctum.

13. S. ( Scaptomyza ) teinoptera Hackman, 1955. Sitka. Hack-
man (1955) first reported the presence of this Holarctic species
in Alaska; there are no additional records for the Nearctic.

14. S. ( Scaptomyza ) flaveola montana Wheeler, 1949. Fair-
banks, Sitka. We found a single male of montana near Fairbanks;
although it was first described as a species, Hackman (1959) placed
it as a subspecies of flaveola (Meigen) 1830. Coquillett (1900)
recorded flaveola from Sitka ; we have not seen his specimens but
they were most likely also montana since the nominate form is not
known to occur in the Nearctic.

15. S. ( Scaptomyza ) nigrita Wheeler, 1952. Fairbanks. The
identification of this species, a new record for Alaska, is based on
a single female, and females are not readily identifiable in this
genus. The specimen agrees quite well, however, with the type
material from California.

16. S'. ( fScaptomyza ) species undetermined. Cape Thompson.
A single male was taken by sweeping near the Project Chariot
site ; it does not agree with any of the described species but it shows
some similarities to norica Hackman from the Austrian Alps. It
is especially remarkable in possessing five well-developed orbital
bristles, two proclinate and three reclinate ( norica has one pro-
clinate and three reclinate). The humeral bristles are damaged,
making the subgeneric reference uncertain but probable.

17. Chymomyza aldrichi Sturtevant, 1916. Anchorage, Big
Lake, Matanuska Valley, Bethel, Fairbanks, College. This is a
rather common and widespread species in Alaska ; although it is
usually found around freshly cut tree trunks, it comes to banana
bait quite readily.

18. C. caudatula Oldenberg, 1914. Anchorage. This Holarctic
species is widely distributed across North America. Our two
specimens were found on a freshly cut tree trunk.

19. C. coxata Wheeler, 1952. Anchorage, Fairbanks. This is
not only a new record for Alaska, but also a considerable exten-
sion of the known range, having been collected previously only in
Colorado and Wyoming.

20. C. wirthi Wheeler, 1954. Anchorage. We found a single

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male; the species was previously known only from Ontario and
Virginia.

21. Amiota ( Amiota ) species undetermined. Anchorage. The
single female specimen has not been identified ; it runs to alb o gut-
tata Wahlberg in the available keys but it seems probable that
several species are currently included under that name. Members
of the genus are often quite annoying, flying near and resting on
one’s eyes and ears. We suspect that Amiota is not this rare in
Alaska but the swarms of Simulium are sometimes so great that an
occasional Amiota among them is apt to be overlooked. The use
of repellents against attacks of mosquitoes and Simulium probably
also reduces the opportunity for capturing Amiota.

Other species. Dr. Miller classified a specimen from College as
Drosophila putrida Sturtevant, dark form ; it was not possible to
check this carefully, but since putrida was not taken by us during
the summer of 1960 it seems probable that he was dealing with an
aberrant individual of testacea which is rather common in the
Fairbanks region. He also identified, but with considerable doubt,
Drosophila sub occidentals Spencer from College, Dead Man’s
Lake, and the Matanuska Valley. The few available specimens re-
maining from his Alaskan material have been re-examined and
only subquinaria was present among them. However, D. occi-
dentals Spencer was present among flies taken by him at Ranch-
eria River, Yukon Territory, so that it is quite probable that this
species also occurs in Alaska.

There are, in addition, several Alaskan species which have some-
times been included in the Drosophilidae but which are currently
placed in other, more restricted, families. Aulacigaster leucopeza
(Meigen) of the Aulacigasteridae, which is apparently widespread
in the forested areas, belongs in this category as does Campichoeta
(= Thryptocheta) micans (Hendel) of the Diastatidae, which we
found near Fairbanks.

Drosophila (Sophophora) populi, n. sp.

This new species is quite similar in size and general appearance
to D. athabasca, but it may be separated from the latter readily by
the wholly pale legs and pale lower pleura, the much brighter red
eyes in life, the bristled, non-dentate ovipositor of the female, and
the absence of sex combs on the male fore tarsi.

Thirty-seven specimens were collected along Rabbit Creek, south
of Anchorage. Banana baits were placed in the vicinity of a
recently felled cottonwood tree ( Populus sp.) ; portions of the tree

Dec., 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

139

were immersed in the stream and there was a faint, but definite,
fermentation odor in the area. Both D. populi and D. montana
were collected by sweeping among the branches and broken limbs
of the tree, while very few were attracted to the bait. Of 82 mon-
tana taken at this locality, we estimate that fully 90% came from the
tree, and an estimated 98% of the populi were obtained by sweep-
ing among the branches. Most of the specimens were placed on a
Drosophila culture medium but we were unable to secure a stock,
all of the larvae dying in the food vials before pupation.

Description. — iCf, Front dull black, the orbits and ocellar

triangle gray ; antennae blackish. Face black (J') or dirty tan (5),
the carina forming a very low ridge bounded by rather deep foveae.
Oral margin somewhat protruding, the clypeus narrow and black.
Cheeks narrow, dark tan beneath the eye, black in the area of the
oral bristles. Vibrissa single, rather short. Palpi dirty yellow,
darker apically.

Proclinate orbital only a trifle shorter than posterior reclinate,
the anterior reclinate thin, about 1/3 the length of proclinate and
situated rather close to the latter. Ocellars, inner and outer ver-
ticals, and postverticals all well developed. Arista with 3 (rarely
4) dorsal and 2 ventral branches basal to the terminal fork, all
branches rather short.

Mesonotum dull black with thin grayish pollinosity. Basal
scutellars convergent to straight. Acrostichal hairs in about 8 rows,
but quite irregular ; often with a pair of enlarged prescutellar
acrostichals but their size is not constant. No propleural bristle;
anterior sternopleural 3/5 the length of posterior, the middle one
small and thin. Pleura dark above becoming yellowish below on

Explanation of Plates I and II

Fig. 1, Map showing principal localities in Alaska where col-
lections of Drosophilidae have been made. Figs. 2-10, Drosophila
populi, new species. Fig. 2, Male reproductive system, showing
testes (stippled) and paragonia. Fig. 3, Sperm pump, lateral view;
the ventral ejaculatory apodeme (stippled) is strongly pigmented
black. Fig. 4, Ejaculatory apodeme, ventral view. Fig. 5, Egg,
lateral view, showing strongly sculptured surface. Fig. 6, Egg,
ventral view, showing filaments continued along ventral surface as
heavy ridges. Fig. 7, Ovipositor, lateral view. Fig. 8, Female
reproductive organs, dorsal view, showing spermathecae and paro-
varia. Fig. 9, Female ventral receptacle, shown after clearing in
phenol. Fig. 10, Spermatheca, inner sclerotized capsule.

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Wheeler and Throckmorton Plate I

Dec., 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

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Wheeler and Throckmorton

Plate II

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sternopleura. Legs, including fore coxae, all pale yellowish, with-
out unusual bristling. Abdomen wholly black with thin pollinosity.
Wings hyaline ; costal index about 2.4 ; third costal section with
the short black bristles on the basal 1/4 to 2/5.

Upper anal plate of female with a pair of unusually long bristles ;
ovipositor (Fig. 7) with a series of slender bristles, not dentate.
The male external genitalia and copulatory structures are de-
scribed in detail by Dr. Takada in the following article.

One male and one female were sacrificed for dissection. Mal-
pighian tubules with short stalks, less than 1/4 their total lengths;
posterior pair with their tips apposed but lacking a continuous
lumen. Testes (Fig. 2) appearing red through the body wall,
but showing an orange-brown pigmentation when dissected free ;
one paragonium directed anteriorly, the other posteriorly. Inner
capsule of spermatheca (Fig. 10) dark and relatively small; ven-
tral receptacle (Fig. 9) forming a short serpentine sac. Male
sperm pump (Fig. 3) without diverticula, the ejaculatory apodeme
black.

Eggs (Fig. 5, 6) with two short filaments which are clearly con-
tinued along the surface as heavy white ridges ; egg surface strongly
sculptured. Posterior spiracles of larva rather short, parallel,
pale with brownish tips. Puparium not seen.

Relationship. — The affinities of this new species are uncertain
but a relationship with the subgenus Sophophora seems most likely.
There are only two egg filaments as in Sophophora, but they are not
constructed as in that subgenus. The male genitalia, both internal
and external, are rather similar to those seen in members of the
obscura species group of Sophophora , but some features are unique.
The bristled ovipositor of the female is, strangely, most like that
found in the genus Chymomyza. For the present we are assigning
populi to the subgenus Sophophora, but we cannot place it in any
of the established species groups.

Types. — Holotype male and 8 paratypes, collected July 22-24
and Aug. 4, 1960, from the above described locality near Anchor-
age, Alaska. Two paratypes are being placed in the collection of
the U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. ; all other types
are in the Drosophila Type and Reference Collection of the Genet-
ics Foundation, The University of Texas, Austin.

Acknowledgments

The collecting trip during the summer of 1960 was made possible
by grants from the Rockefeller Foundation and the National In-

Dec., 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

143

stitutes of Health (RG-6492). We wish to express our apprecia-
tion to Dr. W. S. Stone who collected some of the material at
Anchorage and Kodiak, and to Dr. D. D. Miller for providing us
with his valuable Alaskan collection records. Numerous individ-
uals in Alaska deserve special mention for their help, most especially
Drs. Rausch, Sommerman and Williamson of the Arctic Health
Research Center, Anchorage, and the staffs of the Alaska Fish
and Game Department at Kodiak and King Salmon. At the U. S.
Atomic Energy Commission’s Project Chariot site at Cape Thomp-
son, Dr. John Wolfe, Chief, Environmental Sciences Branch, Di-
vision of Biology and Medicine, and Mr. Henry Schlacks, Director
of Project Chariot, were most helpful in providing us with living
and working facilities. The figures were prepared by Mrs. Linda
Kuich, our staff artist.

References

Basden, E. B. 1956. Drosophilidae (Diptera) within the Arctic
Circle. I. General survey. Trans. Roy. Ent. Soc. London
108, Pt. 1 : 1-20.

Basden, E. B. and D. G. Harnden. 1956. Drosophilidae (Dip-
tera) within the Arctic Circle. II. The Edinburg University
Expedition to sub-arctic Norway, 1953. Trans. Roy. Ent. Soc.
London 108, Pt. 5: 147-162.

Coquillet, D. W. 1900. Papers from the Harriman Alaska
Expedition. IX. Entomological results (3) : Diptera. Proc.
Wash. Acad. Sci. 2 : 389-464.

Dobzhansky, T. and C. Epling. 1944. Contributions to the
genetics, taxonomy, and ecology of Drosophila pseudoobscura
and its relatives. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 554 : 1-183.
Hackman, W. 1955. On the genera Scaptomyza Hardy and
Parascaptomyza Duda (Dipt., Drosophilidae). Notulae Ent.
35: 75-91.

1959. On the genus Scaptomyza Hardy (Dipt.,

Drosophilidae) with descriptions of new species from various
parts of the world. Acta Zool. Fenn. 97 : 1-73.

Miller, D. D. 1958. Geographical distributions of the American
Drosophila affinis subgroup species. Amer. Mid. Nat. 60:
52-70.

Wheeler, M. R. 1960. New species of the quinaria group of
Drosophila (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Southwestern Nat.
5 (3) : 160-164.

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THE MALE GENITALIA OF DROSOPHILA POPULI
WHEELER AND THROCKMORTON (DIPTERA;

DROSOPHILIDAE)

By Haruo Takada1

The species Drosophila populi was described by Wheeler and
Throckmorton earlier in this publication. The male genitalia show
a number of unusual features which should be described as a sup-
plement to their description.

The author wishes to express his sincerest appreciation to Pro-
fessor Wilson S. Stone, University of Texas, for providing the
opportunity to work in the Genetics Foundation, and is especially
indebted to Professor Marshall R. Wheeler, University of Texas,
for his constructive criticisms and for furnishing the material for
the present study. I wish to thank Mrs. Linda Kuich for her as-
sistance in the preparation of the figures.

External genital apparatus. — Genital arch (Fig. 1) dark brown,
broad and convex below, the undermargin sclerotized, the heel
triangular. Lower portion of arch with about 10 bristles, the upper
portion with about 38 hairs. Primary clasper (Fig. 1) dark
brown, with a prominent thumb-like process and with 10-11 long
primary brownish black teeth ; inner surface of clasper with
usually two fine bristles and about six short but stout bristles.
Bridge (Fig. 2) connecting the clasper (decasternum of Okada,
1954) brown, elongate, and proximally with triangular lateral
pieces ; median piece rodlike, orange brown.

Explanation of Plate

Figs. 1-4, Male genitalia of Drosophila populi. Fig 1, External
genital apparatus. Fig. 2, Bridge (decasternum) connecting the
claspers. Fig. 3, Male copulatory organs, ventral aspect (left side)
and dorsal aspect (right side). Fig. 4, Male copulatory organs,
lateral aspect.

Abbreviations : ap , anal plate ; ga, genital arch ; c, clasper ; h,
heel ; pt, primary teeth ; ag , anterior gonapophysis ; pg, posterior
gonapophysis ; hy, hypandrium ; n, median notch of hypandrium ;
sb, submedian spine of hypandrium ; p, penis ; sa, sensilla of an-
terior gonapophysis ; b, basal apodeme of penis.

1 Genetics Foundation, Department of Zoology, University of
Texas, Austin; permanent address: Zoological Institute, Faculty
of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.

Dec., 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

145

Takada

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Copulatory organs. — Penis (Fig. 4) pale brown, oblong, with
numerous hairy structures. Anterior gonapophyses (Fig. 3) yel-
lowish brown, curved ventrally, rounded apically, the outer surface
of the upper portion with about 20 stout hairs and medially with a
row of about seven spines. Posterior gonapophyses as long as the
anterior ones, the fused upper portion of the inner surface with
many hairy structures, separated from the penis, and surrounding
the dorsal surface of the latter.

Hypandrium brown and quadrate, nearly as long as broad, the
median notch deep and broad. Phallosomal index (Okada 1953; a
ratio between the length of the penis and its apodeme) about 0.5.

Discussion. — The morphological differences described by
Wheeler and Throckmorton in this same issue of the Bulletin and
the present study show that Drosophila populi is distinct from all
the other known species of the genus, and that it is probably re-
lated to the subgenus Sophophora. To discuss the relationships of
species on the basis of only a few organs can be dangerous, but it is
allowable when one is dealing with the male genitalia which is
composed of several morphologically distinct elements. Similar
conclusions were reached by others who have studied male genitalia,
for example: Salles (1947), Malogolowkin (1948, 1952, 1953),
Nater (1953), Burla (1956), Spassky (1957) and also Hsu (1949)
from his study of the external genital apparatus. Extensive com-
parative studies of the copulatory organs have also been done by
Okada (1953, 1954, 1955, 1956).

Although the present species has a relatively small phallosomal
index, separated anal plate, distinct anterior gonapophyses with
sensilla, and some features of the bridge connecting the claspers,
each of which is characteristic of the ohscura group of Sophophora ,
it does not agree with any of the known species of this group, hav-
ing clearly fused upper portion of the posterior gonapophyses,
penis with hairy structures, deep median notch of the hypandrium
and thick anterior gonapophyses. Thus the present species should
be placed near the ohscura species group of the subgenus Soph-
ophora, genus Drosophila.

References

Burla, H. 1956. Die Drosophilidengattung Zygothrica und ihre
beziehung zur Drosophila untergattung Hir to drosophila.
Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, Bd. 32, Heft 2: 190-321.

Hsu, T. C. 1949. The external genital apparatus of male
Drosophila in relation to systematics. Univ. Tex. Publ. 4920:
80-142.

Dec., 1960 Bulletin oj the Brooklyn Entomological Society

147

Malogolowkin, C. 1948. Sobre a genitalia dos Drosofilideos
(Diptera). II. Drosophila ananassae. Sum. Bras. Biol. 1:
429-457.

1952. Sobre a genitalia dos “Drosophilidae” (Dip-
tera). III. Grupo willistoni do genero “Drosophila.” Rev.
Bras. Biol. 12: 79-96.

1953. Sobre a genitalia dos Drosofilideos. IV. A geni-
talia masculina no subgenero “Drosophila” (Diptera, Droso-
philidae). Rev. Bras. Biol. 13: 245-264.

Nater, H. 1953. Vergleichend-morphologische Untersuchung
des aussereti Geschlechtsapparates innerhalb der Gattung
Drosophila. Zool. Jb. (Systematik) 81, Heft 5/6: 437-624.

Okada, T. 1953. Comparative morphology of the drosophilid
flies III. The “Phallosomal index” and its relation with sys-
tematics. Zool. Mag. 62 : 278-283.

1954. Comparative morphology of the drosophilid

flies I. Phallic organs of the melanogaster species group.
Kontyu 22 : 36-46.

1955. Comparative morphology of the drosophilid

flies II. Phallic organs of the subgenus Drosophila. Kontyu
23:97-104.

1956. Systematic study of Drosophilidae and allied

families of Japan. Gihodo Co. (Tokyo) : 1-183.

Salles, H. 1947. Sobre a genitalia dos Drosophilideos (Dip-
tera). I. Drosophila melanogaster e D. simulans. Sum.
Bras. Biol. 1: 311-383.

Spassky, B. 1957. Morphological differences between sibling
species of Drosophila. Univ. Tex. Publ. 5721 : 48-61.

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TORRE-BUENO’S GLOSSARY OF
ENTOMOLOGY— SUPPLEMENT A

CONTENTS OF VOLUME LV

(Arranged alphabetically throughout)

COLEOPTERA

Notes on Buprestidae and Schiz-
opodidae, G. H. Nelson, 70-
74.

Diptera

A new subgenus and two new
species of Pseudiastata Co-
quillett (Diptera, Drosophili-
dae), M. R. Wheeler, 67-70.

A report on the blackflies (Sim-
uliidae) of Delaware. Part I.
Record of Delaware species
and an introduction to a sur-
vey of the Western branches
of the Christiana River, New
Castle County, D. W. S.
Sutherland and R. F. Darsie,
46-52.

A report on the blackflies ( Sim-
uliidae) of Delaware, Part
II. Description and discus-
sion of blackfly habitats, D.
W. S. Sutherland and R. F.
Darsie, 53-61.

Nemotelus communis Hanson
on goldenrod, G. F. Knowl-

General

Announcement :

Torre-Bueno’s glossary of en-
tomology— Supplement A,
G. S. Tul loch, 108, 148.

A case of hybridization in Plec-

Hemiptera:

Liocoris, Lygus and ethics, E.
Munroe. 104-108.

ton, 23.

Notes on Alaskan Drosophilidae
(Diptera), with the descrip-
tion of a new species, M. R.
Wheeler and L. H. Throck-
morton, 134-143.

Some birds of Uruguay parasi-
tized by Ornithoctona ery-
throcephala (Diptera, Hippo-
boscidae), R. Escalante, 62-
63.

The genus Pellucidomyia Mac-
fie (Diptera, Ceratopogoni-
dae), W. W. Wirth, 1-3.

The male genitalia of Drosophila
populi Wheeler and Throck-
morton (Diptera: Drosophili-
dae), 144-147.

Undescribed species of nemato-
cerous Diptera. Part IX, C.
P. Alexander, 114-120.

Subjects

optera, J. F. Hanson, 25-34.

Manipulation of specimens on
slides, M. Savos, 35.

On the evolution of arthropods ?,
Phyllis Thurman, 100-101.

Heteroptera

Hemiptera: Homoptera

The aphids that feed on cacti, tera, Cicadellidae), D. M. De-
M. D. Leonard, 64-66. Long and N. L. Currie, 4-15.

The genus Keonolla (Homop-

149

150 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society VoL Lv

Hymenoptera

S. E. Neff and T. Eisner, 101 —

A gynandromorphic specimen of
Psithyrus fernaldae Fkln.
(Hymenoptera: Apidae), H.
E. Milliron, 109-113.

Biological notes on several
southwestern ground-nesting
wasps (Hymenoptera, Spheci-
dae), K. V. Krombein. 75-
79.

Notes on two tachinid parasites
of the walking stick, Aniso-
morpha buprestoides (Stoll),

103.

Observations on the scelionid
component of a grassland in-
sect fauna, U. N. Lanham
and F. C. Evans, &n87.

Recognition of bumblebee type
specimens, with notes on some
dubious names ( Hymenop-
tera: Apidae), H. E. Milliron,
87-99.

Lepidoptera

Description of a new species of 81-83.

Martyringa (Lepidoptera: Misplaced captions on Seitz’

Oecophoridae) with a note noctuid plate, 34.
on its biology, R. W. Hodges,

Smaller Orders and Other Arthropods

A case of hybridization in Plec-
optera, J. F. Hanson, 25-34.

A new genus and species of
xystodesmid milliped from
Tennessee, W. T. Keeton, 42-
45.

A new Nuevobius, with review
of the genus (Chilopoda:
Lithobiomorpha : Lithobi-
idae), R. E. Crabill, 121-133.

Notes on two tachinid parasites
of the walking stick, Aniso-
morpha buprestoides (Stoll),
S. E. Neff and T. Eisner,

101-103.

On the identity of Minorissa
alata Thomas, 1874, and
Atractomorpha congensis
Saussure, 1893 (nomen nu-
dum) (Orthoptera: Pyrgo-
morphidae), D. K. McE.
Kevan, 36-41.

Some Mexican and Costa Rican
mayflies, Jay R. Traver, 16-
22.

Two generic synonyms in the
Siphlonuridae (Ephemerop-
tera), 24.

INDEX TO VOLUME LV

New species and other new forms are indicated by boldface.
0 indicates animals other than insects, * plants.

* Acacia greggii, 71, 73
Acmaeodera aurora, 70
fisheri vermiculata, 71
palmarus, 71
pullata, 70

Acmaeoderoides insignis, 71
Acoloides howardii, 86

*Adenostoma, 6
Agrilus arbuti, 74
Allocapnia maria, 25-34
minima, 25—34
minima x maria, 25-34
Ameletus, 24
aetheria, 24

Dee., 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

151

validus, 24
Amiota, 138
Andrena agilissima, 1 12
Andromina, 24

Anisomorpha buprestoides, 101,

102

Apathus brasiliensis, 89
citrinus, 90
intrudens, 93
Aphis craccivora, 65
fabae, 64, 65
medicaginis, 65, 66
papaveris, 64
rumicis, 65
spiraecola, 65
Apis alata, 98

americanorum, 88
antiguensis, 98
cayennensis, 90
fervida, 91
griseocollis, 92
jonella, 93
lapponica, 93
marylandica, 99
morio, 94
nidulans, 94
scrimshirana, 96
*Arctostaphylos, 74
*Aristida purpurascens, 84
Atractomorpha, 37, 38, 39
ambigua, 37
bedeli, 37
brevicornis, 37
congensis, 40
gerstaeckeri, 38, 40
sinensis, 37

*Atriplex canescens, 73
lentiformis, 73
Aulacigaster leucopeza, 138

Bombus agrorum, 109
alboniger, 88
americanorum, 98
arcticus, 89
baeri, 89
balteatus, 89
bellicosus, 89

bicolor, 89
brachycephalus, 89
brasiliensis, 89
butteli, 90
californicus, 90
carbonarius, 90
chilensis, 90
coccineus, 90
dahlbomii, 91
diligens, 91
dolichocephalus, 91
excellens, 91
fervidus, 98
formosus, 91
fraternus, 91
frigidus, 91
funebris, 92
grandis, 92
griseocollis, 99
groenlandicus, 92
handlirschi, 92
haueri, 92
hyperboreus, 92
insularis, 93
laboriosus, 93, 99
lapidarius, 109
lateralis, 93
mastrucatus, 109, 112
melaleucus, 93
melanopygus, 94
modestus, 94
nigripes, 94
nivalis, 94
opifex, 94
ornatus, 95
parvulus, 99
pennsylvanica, 95
pleuralis, 95
polaris, 95
prato rum, 109
robustus, 95

robustus var. hortulans, 95
rubicundus, 96
rubiventris, 96
ruderarius, 109
schneideri, 96
sitkensis, 96

152

Vol. LV

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

steindachneri, 96
thoracicus, 97
tricolor, 97
unifasciatus, 97
vagans, 97, 99
velutinus, 97
venustus, 97
virginicus, 99
violaceus, 97
vogti, 97
weisi, 98

0 Buteo fuscescens fuscescens,
63

magnirostris gularis, 62
m. pucherani, 62

Calendra, 76

Campichoeta micans, 138
Campsurus albifilum, 16
cuspidatus, 16-18
latipennis, 16

* Ceanothus, 70

divaricatus, 72
Ceratobezzia, 2
Ceratoteleia marlattii, 86
Cerceris, 77

bicornuta bicornuta, 76
b. hdelis, 75, 76, 77
frontata frontata, 76
frontata raudi, 77

* Cercocarpus, 73
Chimara, 24

aetheria, 24

Chrysobothris atrifasciata, 73
azurea, 72
biramosa callida, 73
concinnula, 72
cupreohumeralis, 73
lineatipennis, 73
parapiuta, 73
piuta, 72
platti, 74
santarosae, 74
wickhami, 73
Chymomyza, 134, 135
aldrichi, 137
cau data, 137

coxata, 137
wirthi, 137

0 Circus cyaneus cinereus, 63
Cleonus pulvereus, 77
Clinohelea, 2

Cnephia mutata, 46, 47, 60
0 Columba picazura, 62

* Cuphea, 64

Drosophila, 134

athabasca, 135, 136
funebris, 136
immigrans, 134, 136
melanderi, 135
melanogaster, 136
montana, 134, 135, 139
obscura, 142, 146
occidentals, 138
populi, 136, 138-146
putrida, 138

subquinaria, 135, 136, 138
testacea, 135, 138
Dystaxia murrayi cuprea, 74
m. murrayi, 74

Emphoropsis, 99

* Ephydra, 74

californica, 74

* Epiphyllum, 64

* Eriogonum fasciculatum, 71,

inflatum, 71

Eucerceris flavocincta, 78, 79
ruficeps, 78, 79
triciliata, 77, 78, 79
Eupagoderes, 75, 77
Eupanychia camina, 34
spinosae, 34

* Euphorbia albomarginata, 75
Eusimulium aureum, 58

Forda myrmecaria, 64

* Fuchsia, 64

Garibius opicolens, 129
Graphocephala, 4

* Gutierrezia. 76

153

Dec'> 1960 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Hadronotus, 86
Heteromyia, 2

Hippomelas (Nanularia) brun-
neata, 71

Hubroria, 42

picapa, 42-45

* Hyptis emoryi, 71

* Juniperus, 71, 74

californica, 72
Juniperella mirabilis, 72

Keonolla, 4

confluens, 4, 6, 7

c. surcula, 5
c. pacifica, 6
curta, 11-12
dolobrata, 8, 9, 11
gemmella, 12, 15
lugubris, 6
minuends, 8-9
spinosa, 15
subrufa, 9-10
s. signara, 10
torqua, 10—1 1
uhleri, 7

* Lantana, 64
Leptohyphes mithras, 23
Liocoris, 104-108
Lithobius forficatus, 129
Lixus concavus, 77
Lygus. 104-108

pabulinus, 106
pratensis, 105

Macfiehelea, 1
oliveirai, 1, 3

Macroteleia macrogaster, 86
Martyringa ravicapitis, 81-83
Melanoplus confusus, 84, 85
femur-rubrum, 84-85
keeleri luridus, 84, 85
dnexicanus, 85
Metahelea, 2
Minorissa alata, 36, 37
pustulosa, 36

Minyomerus languidus. 77, 78
Myzum persicae, 64

Nabadius aristeus, 129
Nampabius dendrophilus, 129
Nemotelus communis, 23
Neokolla, 4

Neolithobius, 121, 128, 130
Neurohelea, 2
Nuevobius, 121-133
cavicolens, 122, 127
cottus, 122, 127
Nyctunguis pholeter, 122

Oethecostonus oecanthi, 86

* Opuntia, 64

ficus-indica, 65
inermis, 66
stricta, 66
vulgaris, 64

Ornithoctona erythrocephala,
62, 63

0 Otus choliba choliba, 63

Paracladura elegans, 117
superbiens, 117-118
Pearsobius, 131
carolinus, 131
Pegoteleia, 86
Pellucidomyia, 1—2, 3
blantoni, 3
leei, 2, 3
ugandae, 1, 3
wirthi, 3

Pentalonia nigronervosa, 66

* Pereskia aculeata, 65, 66
Phasmophora antennalis, 102

* Poa compressa, 84
Pokabius bilabiatus, 129

* Populus, 138

tremuloides, 72
Procania confluens, 4
Prosimulium hirtipes, 46-48, 60
magnum, 46-48

* Prosopis chilensis, 73

pubescens, 73

Protanyderus sikkimensis,
114-115

venustipes, 115-116
schmidi, 116

154

Vol. LV

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Pseudiastata, 67

(Hyalistata), 67
(H.) pallida, 68-69
(H.) pictiventris, 67, 68

nebulosa, 67
Psithyrus, 99

fernaldae, 109-113

* Ouercus alba, 72

agrifolia, 74
dumosa, 70, 74

* Rhododendron, 117, 118, 120
Roeseliopsis americana, 102

* Rumex, 65

Scaptomyza, 134, 135
flaveola montana, 137
nigrita, 137
teinoptera, 137
terminalis, 136
trochanterata, 136
unipunctum, 137
Scelio bisulcus, 84, 85, 86
calopteni, 86
Schinia arcifera, 34
arcigera, 34
ferricasta, 34
ferricosta, 34
limbalis, 34
olivacea, 34

Senotainia kansensis, 76
Serrobius, 128, 131
Simulium aureum, 46-60
bracteatum, 58
decorum, 46-60
jenningsi, 46-60
tuberosum, 46-60
venustum, 46-60
verecundum, 46-60
vittatum, 46-60
Siphlonurus, 24
griseus, 24

* Solidago, 109
Sophophora, 142

Sozibius, 121-131
proridens, 129
pulchellus, 131
tuobukus, 124
Sparsion, 86

Sphecodogastra aberrans, 79

Tachystes exornatus, 75
Teleas, 86

Telonomus emersoni, 86
minimus, 86
Tetrabezzia, 2

Tettigonia hieroglyphica bar-
beri, 7
h. lutzei, 7
h. var. dolobrata, 8
h. var. inscripta, 7
h. var. uhleri, 7
Thecesternus humeralis, 77
Trachina unicincta, 99
Traverella albertana, 19
ehrhardti, 19-20
presidiana, 18
primana, 20, 22
Trichasius, 86
Trichocera, 118

auripennis, 118-119
colei, 120
forcipula, 120
lutea, 120
mirabilis, 120
punctipennis, 120
reticulata, 120
salmani, 120
schmidi, 120
stecki, 120

thaumastopyga, 119-120
ursa-major, 120
versicolor, 120
Trimorus americanus, 86
Trisacantha, 86
Truxalis brevicornis, 37
lata, 37

Xylocopa virginica, 99

In this volume: 1 new genus, 2 new subgenera, 17 new species,
1 new subspecies.

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BULLETIN

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Vol. LVI 1961

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FEBRUARY, 1961

No. 1

Vol. LVI

BULLETIN

OF THE

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Society

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GEORGE S. TULLOCH JAMES A. SLATER

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CONTENTS

THE CONOPID FLIES OF IDAHO (DIPTERA: CONO-

PIDAE), Foote and Gittins 1

NEW HELIOTHID MOTH FROM CENTRAL FLOR-
IDA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), McElvare .. 6

LIMATULUS-SETOSUS GROUP OF ENDALUS IN
AMERICA (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE),

Burke 9

A SIMPLE METHOD FOR PREPARING UNIFORM
MINUTEN-PIN DOUBLE MOUNTS, Peterson, Mc-

Wade, and Bond 19

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED 21

MALE OF MARTYRINGA RAVICAPITIS (LEPIDOP-
TERA: OECOPHORIDAE), Hodges 22

OBSERVATIONS AND PREY RECORDS OF POM-
PILIDAE (HYMENOPTERA) FROM NORTH-
EASTERN U. S., Kurczewski 23

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

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HANSON, Fernald Hall, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass.

BULLETIN

OF THE

BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Vol. LVI FEBRUARY, 1961 No. 1

THE CONOPID FLIES OF IDAHO
(DIPTERA: CONOPIDAE)1

B. A. Foote and A. R. Gittins2

For many years the Department of Entomology at the University
of Idaho has carried on a survey of the insects occurring in Idaho.
Recently, increased emphasis has been placed on survey work, and a
series of papers concerned with the Idaho fauna is being prepared.

Intensive collecting of conopid flies in the state, particularly by
W. F. Barr and the junior author, has resulted in the collection of
28 species. It is believed that the list included here is fairly com-
plete and that relatively few additional species will be obtained in
Idaho. Camras and Hurd (1957) recorded 39 species from Cali-
fornia, and Smith (1959) listed 18 species from British Columbia.
Keys to the species (except Zodion abitus Adams) known to occur
in Idaho can be found in the paper by Camras and Hurd.

All specific determinations were made by Dr. Sidney Camras
from material in the University of Idaho collection only. Appre-
ciation is expressed to him and the individuals listed below who
have contributed specimens: C. C. Ball (CCB), W. F. Barr
(WFB), D. A. Burgh (DAB), T. B. O’Connell (TBO), D. Evans
(DE), B. A. Foote (BAF), A. R. Gittins (ARG), R. W. Haegele
(RWH), H. L. Harris (HLH), H. W. Homan (HWH), S. E.
Knapp (SEK), R. A. Mackie (RAM), H. C. Manis (HCM),
H. D. Neeley (HDN), R. W. Portman (RWP), P. Price (PR),
W. E. Shull (WES), H. W. Smith (HWS), A. J. Walz (AJW).

1 Published with the approval of the Director of the Idaho Agri-
cultural Experiment Station as Research Paper #504.

2 Department of Entomology, University of Idaho, Moscow.
Idaho.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Conopinae

Physoconops fronto (Williston). Lewiston, August 15, 1951, on
Melilotus sp. (WFB) ; Three miles south of Whitebird, August 8,
1958 (ARG) ; Parma, July 7, 1958 (HWH) ; Two miles west of
Marsing, July 25, 1958, reared from alkali bee ( Nomia melanderi
Cockerell) nesting site (HWH) ; Grandview, August 9, 1958
(HCM) ; Hot Springs in Owyhee Co., July 4, 1951 (WFB) ;
Melba, July 17, 1945, on carrots (WES) ; Caldwell, July 20, 1945,
on carrots (WES) ; Massacre Rocks in Power Co., June 29, 1954
(ARG).

Physoconops obscuripennis (Williston). Priest River Forest
Exp. Station, July 18, 1957 (ARG).

Physocephala burgessi (Williston). Gibbons Pass near Gibbons-
ville, July 20, 1957 (HCM).

Physocephala marginata (Say). Five miles west of Athol, July
16, 1959 (WFB) ; Slate Creek, September 19, 1955 (WFB) ; Je-
rome, July 27, 1953 (ARG).

Physocephala texana (Williston). Moscow, August 1, 1951
(WFB) ; Lewiston, July 8, 1945 (AJW) ; Slate Creek, September
18. 1955, on Chrysothamnus sp. (ARG) ; Donnelly, August 28,
1952 (SEK) ; Parma, June 25, 1954 (AJW) ; Given Springs in
Owyhee Co., June 20, 1954 (WFB) ; Hot Springs in Owyhee Co.,
June 28, 1953 (WFB) ; Homedale, August 26, 1958, reared from
alkali bee nesting site (HWH) ; Indian Cove, August 16, 1955
(DAB) ; Mountain Home, August 8, 1948 (AJW) ; Jerome, Au-
gust 7, 1953 (ARG) ; two miles north of Hazleton, July 20, 1953
(ARG) ; five miles north of Aberdeen, July 30, 1954 (ARG) ;
Acequia, June 30, 1951, on Asclepias sp. (WFB) ; Salmon, Sep-
tember 9, 1957, on Chrysothamnus sp. (HCM).

Myopinae

Zodion abitus Adams. Seven miles northwest of St. Anthony,
July 17, 1956 (WFB).

Zodion americanum Wiedemann. Priest River Forest Exp. Sta-
tion, August 14, 1958 (ARG) ; Athol, August 30, 1956 (WFB) ;
Deary, August 14, 1951 (WFB) ; Arrow Junction in Nez Perce
Co., June 14, 1951 (WFB) ; twelve miles south of Rock Creek in
Twin Falls Co., August 1, 1951 (WFB) ; six miles northwest of
St. Anthony, July 16, 1956 (WFB).

Zodion cinereventre Van Duzee. Hot Springs in Owyhee Co.,
June 28, 1953 (WFB) ; Boise, May 20, 1956 (ARG) ; 18 miles
south of Twin Falls, July 21, 1958, on carrots (HWH) ; 10 miles

Feb., 1961 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

west of Rock Creek Canyon Ranger Station in Twin Falls Co.
(ARG) ; Arco, August 8, 1958 (BAF) ; seven miles northwest of
Weston, August 3, 1958, on Chrysothamnus sp. (ARG).

Zodion fulvifrons Say. Chilco, July 2, 1952 (WFB) ; Lewiston,
June 2, 1948 (AJW) ; Spalding, May 22, 1951, on Achilla milli-
folium L. (WFB) ; Orofino, June 13, 1952 (WFB) ; Slate Creek,
September 18, 1955, on Chrysothamnus sp. (ARG) ; four miles
northeast of Sweet, July 3, 1956, on Aster sp. (WFB) ; Lucky
Peak Dam in Ada Co., May 20, 1956, on Brassica sp. (ARG) ; two
miles west of Gardena, July 3, 1956, on Eriogonum sp. (WFB) ;
Melba, June 30, 1944 (WES) ; Murphy, May 27, 1958, on
Chaenactis sp. (WFB) ; 16 miles north of Mountain Home, June
16, 1955 (HWS) ; 10 miles east of Rupert, June 29, 1954 (ARG) ;
Twin Falls, August 30, 1954 (ARG) ; Hansen, August 3, 1944
(WES) ; Buhl, August 16, 1947 (WFB) ; Eden, July 13, 1952, on
carrots (WES) ; six miles south of Rock Creek in Twin Falls Co.,
September 15, 1955, on Chrysothamnus sp. (WFB) ; 10 miles west
of Massacre Rocks in Power Co., September 8, 1954 (ARG) ;
eight miles northwest of Mackay, July 30, 1958 (ARG) ; Acequia,
June 30, 1951, on Achillea millifolium L. (WFB) ; six miles north-
west of Aberdeen, July 9, 1957, on Asclepias sp. (ARG) ; Tetonia,
July 29, 1955 (RWP).

Zodion intermedium Banks. Lewiston, May 14, 1941, July 8,
1948 (AJW) ; Arrow Junction in Nez Perce Co., June 14, 1951
(WFB) ; Gifford, June 19, 1951 (WFB) ; Lenore, May 27, 1948
(WFB) ; Rubens, June 20, 1944, on turnips (WES) ; Spalding,
May 16, 1953 (HDN) ; Lake Fork, July 10, 1957, on Lupinus sp.
(WFB) ; Brundage Lookout in Payette National Forest, August
10, 1953 (WFB) ; 13 miles east of Kilgore, July 15, 1956 (WFB).

Zodion obliquefasciatum (Macquart). Lewiston, September 5,
1958, on Chrysothamnus sp. (WFB) ; four miles northeast of
Sweet, July 4, 1956 (WFB) ; 18 miles east of Weiser, July 26,
1956, on Grindelia sp. (WFB) ; Marsing and Homedale, many
specimens during June and July from alkali bee nesting sites
(HWH, WFB) ; Grandview, July 9, 1958 (HCM) ; Little Valley
in Owyhee Co., August 3, 1955 (DAB) ; Preston, July 20, 1954
(ARG) ; 10 miles southwest of Leesburg, July 6, 1953 (WFB) ;
Salmon, September 14, 1957, on Chrysothamnus sp. (HCM).

Zodion perlongum Coquillet. Twin Falls, August 30, 1954
(ARG) ; 10 miles west of Massacre Rocks in Power Co., Sep-
tember 8, 1954 (ARG).

Rohertsonomyia parva (Adams). Albion, September 1, 1925,
on Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britton and Rusky (RWH).

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vo l- LyI

Myopa curticornis Korber. Lewiston Grade, April 23, 1938
(HLH) ; Lewiston, May 1, 1948 (AJW) ; Lenore, May 7, 1938
(HLH) ; Mesa, June 6, 1952 (HCM).

Myopa longipilis Banks. Moscow, April 24, 1953 (HDN) ; Le-
nore, April 8, 16, 1949 (WFB, AJW).

Myopa melanderi Banks. Tomers Butte in Latah Co., May 2,
1953 (HDN); Spalding, April 18, 1948 (WFB); Lenore, May
7, 1938 (HLH).

Myopa perplexa Camras. Tomers Butte in Latah Co., May 10,
1953 (HDN) ; Montour, May 10, 1949.

Myopa ruhida (Bigot). Athol, May 21, 1958, on Prunus sp.
(ARG)) ; Chilco, July 9, 1949 (WFB) ; Lapwai, April 23, 1948
(AJW) ; 10 miles north of Nez Perce, June 5, 1952 (WFB).

Myopa vesiculosa Say. Moscow, April 19, 1937 (CCB) ; Elba-
Basin Pass in Cassia Co., June 14, 1953 (TBO).

Myopa vicaria Walker. Moscow, April 4, 1953 (HDN) ; Joel,
April 26, 1949 (WFB) ; Lenore, April 18, 1948 (AJW) ; Nez
Perce, May 20, 1949 (AJW).

Occemyia lor aria (Loew). Five miles west of Avery, July 13,
1958 (ARG) ; Moscow Mountain, August 9, November 9, 1957
(ARG) ; Deary, August 14, 1951, on Hypericum perforatum L.
(WFB) ; Spalding, May 22, 1951 (WFB~) ; Webb, May 15, 1951
(WFB); Winchester, July 7, 1944, on carrots (WES); Nez
Perce, May 24, 1949 (AJW) ; Lawyers Canyon in Lewis Co.,
July 16, 1958 (ARG) ; two miles north of Melba, July 3, 1954, on
carrots (HWH) ; Twin Falls, August 6, 1954, on Melilotus sp.
(ARG) ; seven miles northwest of Weston, August 3, 1958, on
Chrysothamnus sp. (ARG) ; Swan Lake in Bannock Co., August
1, 1954 (ARG).

Occemyia luteipes Camras. Gifford, June 28, 1951, on white
dutch clover (WFB) ; McCall, July 25, 1949 (RWP) ; Star, July
19, 1944, on carrots (WES).

Occemyia modesta (Williston). Athol, August 30, 1956, on
Cirsium sp. (WFB) ; Chilco, June 2, 1952 (WFB) ; Moscow
Mountain, November 9, 1957 (ARG) ; Deary, June 10, 1951, on
alsike clover (WFB) ; Winchester, July 7, 1944, on turnips
(WES) ; five miles southwest of Twin Falls, August 6, 1954, on
Solidago sp. (ARG) ; Bear Creek Camp in Custer Co., July 27,
1957 (WFB) ; Elba-Basin Pass in Cassia Co., June 22, 1959
(BAF) ; Grace, June 17, 1950 (RWP) ; seven miles northwest of
Weston, July 3, 1958 (ARG).

Occemyia nigripes Camras. Moscow, August 1, 1957 (WFB) ;

Feb., 1961 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Moscow Mountain, November 9, 1959 (ARG) ; Deary, August 14,
1951, on Epilobium angustifolium L. (WFB) ; Rubens, July 16,
1948, on Hypericum perforatum L. (WFB) ; Arrow Junction in
Nez Perce Co., September 3, 1951 (WFB) ; Winchester, July 7,
1944 (WES) ; Parma, July 3, 1956 (ARG) ; 18 miles south of
Twin Falls, July 21, 1958 (HWH) ; seven miles northwest of
Weston, August 3, 1958, on Chrysothamnus sp. (ARG).

Occemyia propingua (Adams). Athol, March 14, 1954

(WFB) ; Moscow, July, 1932 (PR) ; Moscow Mountain, August
9, November 9, 1957 (ARG) ; Deary, August 14, 1951 (WFB) ;
Spalding, May 22, 1951 (WFB) ; Gifford, June 26, 1951 (WFB) ;
Rubens, July 6, 1944 (WES) ; nine miles southwest of Midvale,
July 9, 1952, on Phacelia sp. (WFB) ; Middletown, July 19, 1944,
on carrots (WES) ; Albion, September 1, 1925 (RWH) ; Oxford,
July 17, 1950, on alfalfa (RWP) ; Stanley, August 6, 1950
(RWP) ; Ashton, August 2, 1945, on potatoes (WES) ; six miles
northwest of St. Anthony, July 16, 1956 (WFB) ; eight miles
northwest of Mackay July 30, 1958, on Melilotus sp. (WFB) ; 11
miles north of Howe, July 26, 1957 (RAM).

Dalmanniinae

Dalmannia blaisdelli Cresson. Rubens, June 20, 1948 (AJW) ;
Harpster Grade in Idaho Co., June 8, 1951 (WFB).

Dalmannia picta Williston. Gifford, June 2, 1950 (AJW) ; Nez
Perce, May 24, 1949 (AJW).

Dalmannia vitiosa Coquillet. Six miles west of Athol, May 21,
1958 (WFB) ; Central Grade in Nez Perce Co., April 26, 1954
(DE) ; Albion, June 9, 1955 (WFB).

Literature Cited

Camras, S. and P. Hurd. 1957. The conopid flies of California
(Diptera). Bui. Calif. Insect Survey 6(2) : 19-49.

Smith, K. G. V. 1959. The Conopidae (Diptera) of British Co-
lumbia. Proc. Entom. Soc. British Columbia 56 : 54-56.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LJI

NEW HELXOTHID MOTH FROM CENTRAL
FLORIDA (LEPIDOPTERA : NOCTUIDAE)

By Rowland R. McElvare, Southern Pines, N. C.

Rhododipsa fulleri, sp. n.

Head and thorax clothed with coarse hair and a few scales;
orange, shading to a lighter tone on the abdomen.

Tibiae spinose. Fore tibiae short and broad, having a very long
terminal spine (“claw”) on the inner side with one long and one
short spine above ; a long terminal spine on the outer side with three
shorter spines above.

Fore wings golden orange overlaid with burnt sienna and white
scaling. (In one female, the sienna has deepened to indian red.)
Transverse lines irregular, white. Basal area golden orange shad-
ing outward into burnt
sienna. Transverse an-
terior line discontinu-
ous, curved outward,
marked by a whitish
patch at the costa and
two white dashes below.

Transverse posterior
line bisinuate, with whit-
ish patch at costa, be-
low which is a series of
short white lateral
dashes creating a pointed
outline that gives the wing its distinctive pattern. Subterminal line
clearly marked, irregularly dentate toward outer margin. Fringes
orange. Due to exposure, the primaries tend to fade to a light
orange, practically devoid of pattern.

Hind wings dorsally orange, lightly overlaid with burnt sienna,
which in some specimens shades into crimson. Fringes orange.
Underside orange, the central area of the wings overlaid with
burnt sienna to an extent varying with the specimen. Fringes
orange.

Wing expanse 18-22 mm.

Genitalia have the characteristic simplicity of the Heliothiinae.
Close to R. volupia Fitch, they are more slender in both sexes.
The harpes of fulleri are narrower and more rounded at the
tip and the ovipositor is more slender and pointed than in volupia.

Feb., 1961

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Comparative outlines of the harpes of both species are shown,
drawn to the same scale.

Holotype male : Oct. 22, 1960, Archbold Biological Station,
Lake Placid, Fla. (Roger W. Pease, Jr.)

Paratypes: Male, Sept. 26, 1914, St. Petersburg, Fla. (R. Lud-
wig). Female, “Oct.”, St. Petersburg, Fla. Female, Oct. 19, 1950,
and male, Oct. 20, 1954, Cassadaga, Fla., at lights (Stanley V.
Fuller). Female, Nov. 8, 1958, and male Nov. 4, 1959, Archbold
Biol. Sta., at lights (S. W. Frost). 3 males, 2 females, Oct. 3-10,
1960, Archbold Biol. Sta. (R. W. Pease, Jr.). Female, Oct. 30,
1960, Archbold Biol. Sta. (R. R. McElvare). 3 females, Nov. 3-4,
1960, 2 miles east Lake Placid, Fla. (R. R. McElvare).

Holotype male placed in the U. S. National Museum collection,
which has the type of volupia. Paratypes: St. Petersburg pair in
U. S. National Museum collection for many years. Cassadaga
specimens in collections S. V. Fuller, Cassadaga and Charles P.
Kimball, Sarasota, Fla. Archbold Biol. Sta. specimens taken by
S. W. Frost, in Penn. State. Univ. collection. Other specimens
placed in collections of Archbold Biol. Sta., Peabody Museum of
Yale, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., and British Museum (Natural His-
tory) which has the type of R. volupides Strand, now a synonym
of volupia. Remainder in R. R. McElvare collection, Southern
Pines, North Carolina.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LVl

With one exception at lights, the 1960 series from the Lake
Placid region was taken on the flowers of Actinospermum angusti-
folium (Pursh) T. & G. The range of this flower is: Sandhills,
pinelands and scrub, Coastal Plain, Fla., to Ga. and Miss. Spring,
fall and locally all year. As the known specimens of fulleri are all
from central Florida, its association with Actinospermum suggests
a further search in October may extend its known range sub-
stantially.

Rhododipsa has been a western genus, ranging from Texas with
R. volupia Fitch into California with R. pallicincta Sm. Fulleri
now provides representation in the east. Fulleri is allied to volupia
with which it shares the distinctive pointed edge of the t.p. line,
but from which it also differs specifically. Its golden orange color-
ing is in sharp contrast to volupia s ruby wine red. It has a well-
defined s.t. line either lacking or indistinct in volupia. In volupia
also, the distance between the t.a. and t.p. line is extremely
variable. As a result the median space ranges from about one
third the width of the wing to the constriction resulting from the
anastomosing of the transverse lines. In fulleri , the armature of
the fore tibiae is slender and pointed ; in volupia, particularly in
the terminal spines, coarser and blunt. Similar contrasting slender-
ness in the genitalia has been noted above.

Acknowledgments

In addition to those noted above who loaned material, acknowl-
edgment should be made to :

Richard Archbold, President of Archbold Expeditions, for his
courtesy in making available facilities of the Archhold Biological
Station.

Leonard J. Brass, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., botanist at the Arch-
bold Biol. Sta., for advice on the local occurrence of Actinosper-
mum which resulted in finding a new colony of fulleri east of Lake
Placid village, some twelve miles from that at the Station.

Charles P. Kimball, Sarasota, Fla., for referring to me speci-
mens taken by Fuller and Frost that evidenced the continued
existence of this moth after a lapse of many years since the
U.S.N.M. specimens were taken at St. Petersburg.

Roger W. Pease, Jr., New Britain, Conn., for field collecting
and discovering the association of fulleri with Actinospermum.

Feb., 11)61

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

REVIEW OF THE LIMATULUS-SETOSUS GROUP OF

THE GENUS ENDALUS IN AMERICA NORTH OF
MEXICO (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)1

By Horace R. Burke2

While studying the curculionid fauna of Texas it was found
that at least seven of the eight species of Endalus Laporte known
from America north of Mexico occur in the State. Study of these
local species along with the discovery of some apparently reliable
taxonomic characters not previously used prompted this review of
a portion of the genus with descriptions of two new species. Future
plans include a more complete treatment of the entire genus.

Sincere appreciation is expressed to the following persons for
loan of material and for other favors: Miss Rose Ella Warner, En-
tomology Research Division, U.S.D.A., (U.S. National Museum) ;
Dr. Henry F. Howden, Canada Department of Agriculture, (Cana-
dian National Collection) ; Dr. Leland Chandler, Purdue Univer-
sity; and Dr. Vasco M. Tanner, Brigham Young University.
Additional specimens for study consisted of those in the collection
of the Entomology Department, A. & M. College of Texas, and in
the author’s collection.

The genus Endalus Laporte 1840, in America north of Mexico,
has received little attention since the treatment by LeConte (1876)
of six species, five of which he described as new at that time.
Blatchley (1916) dealt with those species occurring in north eastern
America and described an additional new one from Florida. Tan-
ner (1943) presented a key to the species known from America
north of Mexico.

Little is known concerning the biology of members of Endalus
except that they are usually found on plants around water. Avail-
able records indicate that at least three species are definitely associ-
ated with plants of the genus Scirpus. A few species have been
taken in numbers at lights.

Endalus in America north of Mexico may be readily separated
into two rather distinct groups. Although the conservative ap-
proach of considering these as species groups is followed here, study
of additional material, especially South American species, may well
prove that these groups deserve subgeneric status. These two

1 Technical contribution No. 3598, Texas Agr. Exp. Sta., A & M
College of Texas, College Station.

2Assistant Professor, Department of Entomology.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

groups may be separated as follows :

(1) . Limatulus-setosus Group. Paired, pad-like scales (Figs.
5, 6) between tarsal claws; second tarsal segment at most only
slightly wider than first, the two usually equal in width ; tarsal claws
widely divergent, moderately separated at base ; eyes rounded,
height of eye always distinctly less than two times width ; length,
2. 5-5. 5 mm.

(2) . Ovalis-laticollis Group. Without pad-like scales between
tarsal claws ; second tarsal segment distinctly wider than first ; tar-
sal claws never widely divergent, narrowly separated at base ; eyes
transverse, height of eye usually about two times width ; length,
1. 4-2.8 mm.

A review of the limatulus-setosus Group is the subject of the
present study. The ovalis-laticollis Group, containing Endalus
ovalis LeConte, E. punctatus LeConte, and E. laticollis Blatchley,
will be treated later when more material is available and when a
study can be made of the type series of each. This latter group at
present is in a rather confused state, with probably no less than five
good species being included under the three names now recognized.

All species of the limatulus-setosus Group possess paired, pad-
like scales between the bases of the claws on the ventral side of the
fourth tarsal segment. A search of the literature has failed to reveal
previous mention of these rather conspicuous scales in Endalus, or
in any other curculionids. These scales of limatulus, robustus and
disgregus n. sp. are somewhat elongate with plumose margins and
may be either separated or contiguous. In some examples the two
median scales are flanked laterally by shorter ones, while in others
the lateral scales are absent. The latter condition is apparently
brought about by rubbing since poorly preserved specimens have
been examined which lacked all of the scales on one or more tarsi.
Rose Ella Warner (in litt.) has informed me that the type of robus-
tus has paired scales on the fore and middle tarsi, but only a straight
row of scales on the hind tarsi. All other species of the limatulus-
setosus Group have paired scales on all tarsi. Endalus setosus,
aeratus, cribicollis and celatus n. sp. have oval scales which are
much more conspicuous than the elongate ones described for the
three species above.

Additional characters common to all species of the limatulus-seto-
sus Group are : Rostrum rather stout, slightly to moderately

curved ; scrobes short, descending to reach underside of rostrum
some distance before eyes; suprascrobal groove extending from
above antennal insertion posteriorly to open against front margin
of eye. Antennae slender ; scape gradually enlarged in apical third,

Feb., 1961 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

not reaching eye; funicle 6-segmented, segment 1 obconical, seg-
ment 2 shorter, slender, segments 3-6 each shorter than 2, all ap-
proximately equal in length and becoming progressively broader
toward club ; club elongate-oval. Eyes coarsely faceted. Pro-
thorax wider than long (except celatus). Humeri prominent,
rounded. Elytra emarginate at base, distinctly wider than pro-
thorax, apex broadly rounded to somewhat obtusely pointed. Fore
coxae contiguous. Abdominal sterna 1 and 2 approximately equal
in length, first suture broadly arcuate at middle, sterna 3 and 4
shorter, equal in length, sternum 5 along midline as long as 3 + 4.
Tibiae each with a preapical tooth and a stout apical spine. Tarsal
segment 3 deeply emarginate, segment 4 usually projecting slightly
past lobes of 3.

All measurements reported herein were made with an ocular
micrometer. The length of the rostrum was measured from a side
view along a straight line from the apex of the rostrum to the point
where it joins the underside of the head. The total length of the
body was determined from a dorsal view by measuring along the
midline from the anterior margin of the eye to the apex of the elytra.
All other measurements were made at the point of greatest width
or length of the structure in question.

Key to species of the limatulus-setosus
Group in America north of Mexico

1 . Setae on head, prothorax and elytra long, conspicuous ; promi-

nent swelling at base of rostrum before eyes (Fig. 1)

celatus , n. sp.

Setae on head, prothorax and elytra short, at most only moder-
ately conspicuous ; without swelling at base of rostrum . . 2

2. Prothorax with lateral edges expanded (Fig. 2)

setosus LeConte

Prothorax more rounded in cross section 3

3. Paired, pad-like scales between tarsal claws oval (Fig. 6) ; hind

tibia never denticulate along inner margin; length, 2. 1-3.2

mm 4

Paired, pad-like scales between tarsal claws elongate, with plu-
mose margins (Fig. 5) ; hind tibia (except robustus) with a
few stout denticles along inner margin; length, 3.6-5. 5 mm.

4. Eyes large in comparison to size of head (Fig. 4) ; rostrum of

both sexes short; elytral setae stout, abundant; elytral scales
brassy in color aeratus LeConte

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society VoL LVI

Eyes small in comparison to size of head (Fig. 3) ; rostrum of
female longer ; elytral setae remote, inconspicuous ; elytral
scales gray and brown, never brassy . . . cribicollis LeConte

5. Prothorax densely, finely punctate; rostrum rather slender,

moderately curved ; hind tibia with a few stout denticles along
inner margin (these denticles may be entirely hidden by

scales) 6

Prothorax coarsely punctate; rostrum stout, scarcely curved;
hind tibia without row of denticles along inner margin

robustus Schaeffer

6. Third tarsal segment distinctly wider than second ; tarsal claws

stout; length, 4. 5-5. 5 mm limatulus (Gyllenhal)

Third tarsal segment more slender, only slightly wider than
second; tarsal claws slender; length, 3.6 mm.

disgregus, n. sp.

Endalus celatus, n. sp. (Figure 1)

Holotype male : Length, 2.6 mm. ; width, 1.1 mm. ; width of pro-
notum, 0.74 mm. ; length of pronotum, 0.74 mm. ; length of rostrum,
0.59 mm.

Elongate-oval ; derm of body and appendages reddish-brown,
covered by dense coating of brown scales and long, slender, inclined
to recurved setae.

Rostrum straight, tapering slightly from base to apex, with dorsal
prominence at base before eyes ; closely, coarsely punctate except
for smooth, shining apex; basal two-thirds of rostrum covered by
coat of dense scales which do not completely obscure punctation ;
conspicuous, bristle-like setae along dorsal surface of rostrum ar-
ranged in four poorly defined longitudinal rows, each lateral row ex-
tends onto front of head along upper anterior margin of eye. Supra-
scrobal groove only feebly evident, almost completely covered with
scales Antennae inserted immediately before middle of rostrum ;
funicular segment 1 stout, as long as next three segments combined,
segment 2 shorter, approximately as long as 3 + 4, segments 3-4
equal in length, becoming slightly broader toward club ; club large,
obtusely pointed at apex, almost as long as funicle. Eyes oval, very
feebly convex. Prothorax rounded in cross section, as long as wide ;
sides slightly diverging from base to widest portion just before mid-
dle, thence rounded to feeble subapical constriction ; pronotum with
coarse, contiguous punctures evident through the dense coating of
scales ; slender, inclined to recurved setae on pronotum with apices
generally turned inward toward midline. Scutellum oval, small
and inconspicuous. Elytra 1.4 times wider, 2.3 times longer than

Feb., 1961 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

prothorax; humeri rounded; sides of elytra parallel in basal three-
fifths, thence converging to rounded apex ; dense coating of elytral
scales are brown except for a white spot of scales at base of inter-
vals 4 and 5 and on suture at beginning of declivity ; intervals
convex, transversely rugose, each bearing a single row of long
setae, each seta being erect in its basal half then strongly bent, the
apices of all elytral setae projecting posteriorly; striae wide, deeply
impressed throughout. Underside clothed as above except that
brown color is somewhat mottled with gray. Femora and tibiae
slender, bristling with long, gray setae which are less strongly
curved than those on body. Tarsi stout, squamose, setose, with
pair of oval, pad-like scales between claws at apex of last tarsal
segment. Tarsal claws stout, widely divergent.

Type material: Holotype male, College Station, Brazos Co.,
Texas, 20 April 1960 (H. R. Burke), to be deposited in Collection
of Entomology Department, A. & M. College of Texas. This
specimen was taken while sweeping sedges and other plants at the
edge of a pond. Extensive collecting in the same area before and
after the capture of this specimen failed to produce additional
material.

Remarks: Endalus celatus is a very distinctive species and may
be readily separated from any known member of the genus by the
prominent setae on the body. This new species is most closely
related to aeratus which it resembles in several respects. Other
than the prominent setae mentioned above, the two may be sep-
arated by the smaller and less convex eyes, and the dorsal prom-
inence at the base of the rostrum (lacking in aeratus ) of celatus.
In addition, celatus lacks the brassy scales characteristic of aeratus.

Endalus aeratus LeConte
Endalus aeratus LeConte, 1876, p. 176.

Length, 2. 4-3. 2 mm.; width, 1.0-1. 3 mm.

This species is rather easily recognized by the brassy color of
the elytral scales ; no other known species of Endalus has scales of
this color. However, the extent of the brassy tint varies somewhat,
being more evident in some specimens than in others. Other dis-
tinctive characters for aeratus include large, rounded eyes, coarsely
punctate prothorax, and stout rostrum. Endalus aeratus is defi-
nitely more closely related to setosus and celatus n. sp. than to other
members of the limatulus-setosus Group. This affinity is evident
in the possession by all three of oval, pad-like scales between the
tarsal claws, the very widely divergent claws (much more so than
in other members of the group), the narrow lobes of the third

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. lvi

tarsal segment, and the more abundant setae on the body.

Records taken from label data indicate that aeratus has been
occasionally collected on a variety of plants such as cotton, willow,
carrots, alfalfa and beets. Material obtained for study from the
U. S. National Museum included an envelope containing 54 speci-
mens and labeled in part “Woodland, Calif., swept from Scirpus
fluviatilis” . The large number of specimens taken from this par-
ticular species of plant strongly indicates that it represents at least
one of the true hosts of aeratus.

Endalus aeratus was described from Texas and is now known
to be widely distributed west of the Missisippi River. A total of
122 specimens has been examined from the following localities:
United States. California — Downey; 20 mi. S. Fresno; Sacra-
mento ; Woodland. Colorado — Alamosa. Idaho — Caldwell. Kan-
sas— Hamilton Co. Nevada — Elko. Oregon — Portland; Hood
River. Texas — Brazos Co.; Brownsville; Cameron Co.; Dimmit
Co. ; Donna ; Floyd Co. ; Gillespie Co. ; Lubbock ; Lynn Co. ; Pharr ;
San Benito ; San Diego ; Taft ; Zavala Co. ; Nueces River. Canada.
Albert A-Lethbridge.

Endalus setosus LeConte

Endalus setosus LeConte, 1876, p. 176; Blatchley and Leng, 1916,
p. 223.

Length, 3. 5-5.0 mm.; width, 1. 5-2.2 mm.

The expanded lateral edges of the prothorax (Fig. 2) and abun-
dant, recurved setae on the body are distinctive features of this
species. The sexes are easily distinguished by the color pattern
on the elytra. In the male the scales on each elytron are rather
uniformly brown from the suture through interval 8, gray on
intervals 9, 10, 11, with a white spot of scales at base of interval 4
and on suture at middle of length of elytra. The general color
pattern of the elytra of the female consists of dark brown scales on
the basal third of intervals 2 and 3, behind which is a broad, rather
vague V-shaped pattern with an arm extending diagonally forward
across first six intervals of each elytron. The scales elsewhere
on the elytra are light brown or gray except for white ones in a
spot at the base of interval 4, on suture near beginning of declivity,
and sometimes in scattered spots on intervals.

Although setosus is frequently collected around lights in Texas,
nothing is known concerning its biology.

It should be noted here that the last paragraph of LeConte’s
description of setosus actually belongs with limatulus, (LeConte,

Feb., 1961 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

1876, Appendix, p. 417). Therefore, the statement by LeConte
concerning distribution “Middle States not rare ; Kansas, Texas”
refers to limatulus and not setosus. I have not seen specimens from
localities other than in Texas and Louisiana. Sixty-two specimens,
including the type in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, have
been examined from the following localities in these two states:
Texas — Anderson Co.; Brazos.; Brownsville; Cotulla; Cuero;
Hidalgo Co.; Kingsville; Taft; Weslaco; Winter Haven. Louisi-
ana—“La.”.

Endalus cribicollis LeConte

Endalus cribicollis LeConte, 1876, p. 177 ; Blatchley and Leng,
1916, p. 224.

Length, 2. 1-3.0 mm. ; width, 0.9— 1.3 mm.

Endalus cribicollis is not common in collections. The outstand-
ing characters of this species are the small eyes, very coarsely
punctate prothorax and the slender rostrum of the female. The
eyes (Fig. 3) are much smaller in comparison with the size of the
head than those of any other species of the limatulus-setosus Group.
Cribicollis has oval, pad-like scales between the tarsal claws like
those of setosus, aeratus and celatus n. sp. but differs from these
three species in having remotely placed, very inconspicuous setae
on the elytra. In this latter respect and in general appearance,
cribicollis more closely resembles limatulus, robustus and disgregus
n. sp.

Specimens of cribicollis have been collected by sweeping vegeta-
tion around water. One specimen seen from Kansas was collected
on alfalfa.

Endalus cribicollis was described from Georgia. Blatchley
(1916) reports the species from District of Columbia. A total of
10 specimens from the following localities has been examined:
Georgia — type (Museum of Comparative Zoology). Kansas —
Riley Co. Wyoming — Cheyenne. Texas — College Station; Dal-
las ; Gillespie Co.

Endalus limatulus (Gyllenhal)

N otiophilus limatulus Gyllenhal, 1836, p. 319.

Endalus limatulus, Laporte, 1840, p. 339; Leconte, 1876, p. 176;
Blatchley and Leng, 1916, p. 224.

Length, 4. 5-5. 5 mm. ; width, 2.0-2. 5 mm.

This is the most widely distributed member of the limatulus-set-
osus Group in America north of Mexico. Examples of this species

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LVI

exhibit considerable variation in size, length of rostrum, and degree
of tapering of the apices of the elytra. Two Iowa specimens from
the U. S. National Museum series have the rostrum more slender
and longer, and the elytra more distinctly tapered apically than in
any other specimens of limatulus examined. However, this varia-
tion does not appear to exceed that to be expected for such a wide-
spread and rather variable taxon.

Tanner (1943) reports collecting limatulus on Scirpus acutus
and Typha latifolia in Utah. The two Iowa specimens mentioned
above each bears the pin label “Scirpus acutus” , and at least one
of these was reared from this plant. One specimen seen from
Georgia is labeled “on Aeschynomenc virginica stem” and another
from North Carolina “on Scirpus americanus foliage”. Bleasdell
(1937) cites a report of limatulus ovipositing on J uncus sp. in
Iowa.

The type of this species has not been located and there is con-
siderable doubt that it is extant. It is not in the Gyllenhal collec-
tion at the Zoological Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.

Seventy-two specimens of Endalus limatulus have been examined
from the following localities: United States. Arizona — Tucson;
Douglas. Colorado — Greely. Georgia — Richmond Hill. Idaho
— Parma. Illinois — Buda. Indiana — Whitley Co.; Lake Co.
Iowa — Palo Alto Co. ; Iowa Co. ; Arnold’s Park. Kansas — Riley
Co. Maryland — Chesapeake Beach. Michigan — Detroit. Min-
nesota— Albert Lea. Nevada — Humboldt L. New Jersey —
Irvington. New Mexico — Albuquerque. New York — Staten Is-
land ; Bellport, L. I. North Carolina — Ft. Fisher; Swan Quar-
ter. Oklahoma — Norman. Tennessee — Knoxville. Texas —
Gillespie Co. Utah — Utah Lake, East side ; St. George ; Richfield.
Virginia — Hampton; nr. Cole Pt. Canada. Alberta — Medicine
Hat. Manitoba — Strathclair. Ontario — Pt. Pelee ; Pr. Edward
Co.

Endalus disgregus, n. sp.

Holotype male: Length, 3.6 mm.; width, 1.4 mm.; width of
pronotum, 1.1 mm.; length of pronotum, 0.96 mm.; length of ros-
trum, 0.81 mm.

Elongate-oval ; derm black, fourth tarsal segment and apex of
rostrum reddish, scape and first two segments of funicle testaceous,
remainder of antenna distinctly darker ; dense coating of scales on
body predominately gray, with darker scales forming faint patterns
on pronotum and elytra.

Rostrum moderately curved, depressed and slightly widened

Feb., 1961

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

toward apex ; covered with dense coating of scales in basal two-
thirds ; punctation coarse at base, becoming finer apically, apex of
rostrum shining, remotely and very finely punctate. Antennae
inserted slightly behind middle ; funicular segment 1 stout, approx-
imately as long as next three segments combined, segment 2 almost
as long as 3 + 4, segments 3-6 nearly equal in length, becoming
progressively broader toward club, last two segments rather densely
squamose. Club as long as preceding five funicular segments com-
bined. Eyes broadly oval, slightly convex. Prothorax wider than
long (30:26) ; sides evenly rounded, feebly constricted before apex;
pronotum finely, densely punctate, with faint pattern of scales con-
sisting of a median light gray area enclosed by darker, broad sub-
lateral vittae, scales on lateral margins grayish. Scutellum small,
densely covered with white scales. Elytra about 1.3 times wider,

2.4 times longer than prothorax, transversely depressed on disc at
basal third ; humeri rounded ; sides of elyra parallel to about middle,
thence converging to obtusely pointed apex ; apices acuminate, di-
varicate ; intervals flat, finely punctate, each bearing a feebly defined
row of white, short, recurved setae ; striae narrow, deeply im-
pressed ; scales brownish for a short distance at bases of intervals 2
and 3, in a spot behind humeri, in a vague V-shaped pattern at
middle of elytra, and on declivity ; scales elsewhere dirty gray.
Underside covered with dense coating of gray scales which are
lightly tinted with scattered spots of light brown ; distinct concavity
in middle of first abdominal sternum, fifth sternum with shallow
oval depression in center. Femora and tibiae rather stout, tibiae
each with a row of a few stout denticles along inner margin. Tarsal
segment 3 slightly broader than 2 ; pad-like scales between claws
elongate, plumose ; tarsal claws slender, widely divergent.

Type material : Holotype male, Oregon, 10 mi. N. W. Klamath
Falls, “in swamp”, 16 June 1952, No. 54-10685 (V. Roth) ; and
one male paratype, Oregon, Narrows, 1 July 1906, no other data.
The paratype specimen closely resembles the holotype. It measures

3.5 mm. in length and 1.4 mm. in width. Both specimens are to be
returned to the U. S. National Museum.

Remarks’. This species closely resembles limatulus from which
it may be separated by the narrower third tarsal segment, the more
slender tarsal claws, and the smaller size. One damaged female
from Carson, Nevada, in the U. S. National Museum series keys to
disgregus on the basis of the narrow third tarsal segment. It differs
from this species in being somewhat larger and having the elytra
more strongly tapered toward the apex. This specimen is possibly
the female of disgregus, but its identity must remain in question

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. lvi

until additional examples are available for study.

Endalus robustus Schaeffer
Endalus robustus Schaeffer, 1908, p. 217.

I have not examined specimens of robustus, a species apparently
known only from the type material collected at Brownsville, Texas.
The type is in the U. S. National Museum. Schaeffer’s statement
concerning the comparison of robustus with limatulus is as follows :
“This species has a shorter elytra than the male of limatulus, a
different shaped and more strongly punctate prothorax, a stouter,
flatter beak and more widely separated eyes”.

Fig. 1, Lateral outline of Endalus celatus, n. sp., holotype male.
Fig. 2, Front view of prothorax of E. setosus LeConte, head re-
moved. Fig. 3, Lateral view of head and rostrum of E. cribicollis
LeConte, female. Fig. 4, Same of E. aeratus LeConte, female.
Fig. 5, Ventral view of apical tarsal segments of E. limatulus
(Gyllenhal) showing pad-like scales between claws. Fig. 6, Same
of E. setosus LeConte.

Literature Cited

Blatchley, W. S. and C. W. Leng. 1916. Rhynchophora or
weevils of north eastern America. 682 pp. Nature Publ.

Feb., 1961

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Co., Indianapolis.

Bleasdell, Gale G. 1937. The Rhynchophora of Iowa. Iowa
State Coll. Jour. Sci. No. 11, p. 405-445.

Gyllenhal, Leonhard. 1836. Schonherr’s genera et species
Curculionidum. vol. 3, pt. 1 p. 319. Paris.

Laporte, F. L. de, comte de Castelnau. 1840. Histoire natur-
elle et iconographie des Coleopteres. II, p. 339. Paris.
LeConte, John L. (asst, by George H. Horn). 1876. The
Rhynchophora of America north of Mexico. Proc. Am.
Phil. Soc. 15 (96), 455 pp.

Tanner, Vasco M. 1943. A study of the subtribe Hydronomi
with a description of new species (Curculionidae). Study
No. VI. Great Basin Nat. 4 (142) : 1-28.

Schaeffer, Charles. 1908 New Rhynchophora. III. Jour.
N. Y. Ent. Soc. 16:213-222.

A SIMPLE METHOD FOR PREPARING UNIFORM
MINUTEN-PIN DOUBLE MOUNTS

By B. V. Peterson, J. W. McWade and E. F. Bond1

There are many advantages to using minuten pins for mounting
small Diptera, or other small insects, in place of triangular points
or the attachment of specimens to larger pins by some adhesive ma-
terial. Uniform minuten-pin double mounts of a relatively small
size are more useful and aesthetically pleasing than those of the
usual array of various shapes and sizes.

We found the following procedure for preparing uniform and
consistently neat minuten-pin double mounts both rapid and
simple. We first cut discs, 5.0 mm. in diameter, from J^"-thick
sheet cork with an eyelet punch (Fig. 1). No. 2 insect pins are
then pushed through the center of each disc with pinning forceps.
The cork discs will be automatically aligned at the proper height
on the pins if the discs are placed on the uppermost stage of an in-

1 Entomologist, Technician and Assistant Technician, respec-
tively, Entomology Laboratory, Canada Department of Agricul-
ture, Guelph, Ontario.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Voh LVI

Peterson, McWade and Bond

Fig. 1 . Material and equipment used for the preparation of
minuten-pin double mounts (refer to text for details). Fig. 2,
minuten-pin double mounts before insertion of the minuten pins
(left) ; after insertion of the minuten pins (center) ; and with
mounted specimens (right).

Feb., 1961

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 21

sect pinning block. The 5.0 mm. discs do not obscure the labels to
any appreciable extent (Fig. 2) ; however, smaller discs can be
made by using a finer eyelet punch and thinner sheet cork. If
smaller discs are used, there is the danger of the cork fragmenting,
both when the discs are cut and when the insect pins are forced
through them.

The pointed end of the minuten pin is pushed into the cork disc
at right angles to the No. 2 pin with dissecting forceps and forced
out the other side. Some care is needed in this step because the
minuten pins bend very easily. When the minuten pin is pushed
through the cork so that the blunt end is flush with the disc, a 4.0-5. 0
mm. length of the pin shaft should be embedded in the cork as an
anchor, and 5.0-8.0 mm. should project beyond the cork; the latter
figure will vary with the length of the minuten pin. With practice,
complete double-mounts can be prepared at the rate of approxi-
mately 75 per hour.

To mount the specimen, the insect is placed in the desired posi-
tion, and the minuten pin is inserted. The position of the freshly
killed or thoroughly relaxed specimen can then be adjusted before
the insect hardens.

We have used these pins for mounting mosquitoes, black flies,
and other small Diptera, and find our collections are much neater
because of the uniformity of these pins.

The material and equipment needed for the preparation of the
double mounts are minuten pins, No. 2 insect pins, pinning forceps,
dissecting forceps, y%f sheet cork and a 5.0 mm. eyelet punch (we
use the Velos No. 950 punch) . The eyelet punch is a parallel- jawed
paper punch which delivers smoother, less compressed discs than
does the snip-action type. This, or a comparable punch, should be
available from any office supply company.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED

A manual of Common Beetles of Eastern North America, by

Eliz. S. and L. S. Dillon, 883 pp., 544 text figs., plus 81 plates,
5x8 inch pages, clothbound. 1961. Row, Peterson and Co.,
Evanston, 111. The first relatively comprehensive beetle man-
ual to appear in 50 years. The species covered make up 90 per
cent of the beetles likely to be encountered in Eastern North
America. Keys to families and full descriptions of each family,
genus, and species are included. This book is intended for the
casual naturalist, the amateur collector, the serious student,
and the professional who needs a ready reference work. (List
price, $9.25).

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LV1

THE MALE OF MARTYRINGA RAVICAPITIS
(LEPIDOPTERA: OECOPHORIDAE)

By Ronald W. Hodges1

Two male specimens of Martyringa ravicapitis Hodges were
found in some unincorporated material in the Cornell University
Collection. It seems advisable to illustrate the male genitalia and
to point out the distinguishing features which separate the species
from M. latipennis (Wlsm.). The species was described on the
basis of two females (Hodges, 1960, Bui. Brooklyn Ent Soc. 55:
81-83.)

The male genitalia of M. ravicapitis (Figs. 1 and 2) differ from
those of M. latipennis (Clarke, 1941, Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., 90,
no. 3107: pi. 9, fig. 72) in the following points: The valves of

ravicapitis are broader at the base than are those of latipennis ; the
sacculus of ravicapitis is more heavily sclerotized than that of lati-
pennis; and the distal portion of the sacculus of ravicapitis is
slightly produced and sclerotized, whereas this area is not set off in
latipennis.

genitalia (R.W.H. slide no. 857). Fig. 2, ravicapitis, ventrolateral
view of aedeagus (R.W.H. slide no. 857).

1 Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New
York

Feb., 1961 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Grateful acknowledgment is made to the Grace H. Griswold Fund
of the Department of Entomology of Cornell University for assum-
ing the expense of engraving the plate.

SOME OBSERVATIONS AND PREY RECORDS OF

POMPILIDAE (HYMENOPTERA) FROM NORTH-
EASTERN UNITED STATES

By Frank E. Kurczewski1

The following observations and prey records were made during
the summer of 1960 while studying under Dr. Howard E. Evans
who was kind enough to read the manuscript critically and check
any doubtful wasp determinations. Prey spiders were determined
by Dr. W. J. Gertsch, Dr. B. J. Kaston and Dr. H. Levi whose
names appear in brackets with their respective identifications.

Of the observations made, those of two females of Ageniella
semitincta (Banks) from a sand pit in Ithaca, New York, are most
noteworthy in that, aside from representing one of the few prey
records for this species, the above locality is outside the semitincta
known range.

Subfamily Pepsinae

Priocnessus nebulosus (Dahlbom), (Ithaca, New York, Au-
gust 5). This medium-sized black wasp was seen straddling its
spider, an immature female Agelenopsis potteri Blackwall [det. W.
J. Gertsch], while remaining motionless on top of a large leaf near
the edge of a path through a wooded area.

Priocnemis cornica (Say), (Groton, New York, August 26).
One of these small black wasps was observed dragging its spider,
an immature Pardosa milvina Hentz [det. W. J. Gertsch], back-
wards over a gravelly bank grasping the spider by a hind leg.

Phanagenia bomb ycina (Cresson), (Ithaca, New York, July 10).
This wasp was seen carrying its spider, a female Lycosa avida Walck-
enaer [det. H. Levi], with all legs amputated, very rapidly across
the bottom of a steep, sandy bank. The wasp straddled the spider,

1 Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New
York.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. lvi

which was dorsum up, and grasped it by the base of the right
chelicera. In carrying the spider, the wasp walked rapidly forward
occasionally making short, erratic flights using the wings which
produced a loud buzzing sound. The wasp with its prey under-
neath rested several times under leaves and other debris and had
to be constantly prodded to resume its course. Both were placed
in a killing jar when the wasp encountered difficulty climbing the
steep grade of the bank and after several hours the wasp still re-
tained its grasp of the spider’s chelicera.

Auplopus architectus architectus (Say), (Meadville, Pennsyl-
vania, June 1). This small wasp with a greenish blue iridescence
flew onto a small shrub in a garden with its spider, a Clubiona sp.
[det. B. J. Kaston] in the penultimate instar. The wasp held the
spider venter up grasping it by the spinnerets. All eight legs of
the spider had been amputated.

Ageniella semitincta (Banks), (Ithaca, New York, July 24).
At noon of the above date this wasp which is black with a bright
red abdomen was observed straddling its spider, a penultimate in-
star male Agelenopsis potteri Blackwall [det. W. J. Gertsch], with
all legs amputated, dorsum up and carrying it forward through
dense grass near the upper rim of a sand pit.

Subfamily Pompilinae

Episyron quinquenotatus quinquenotatus (Say). This common
species was found nesting at the following localities ; four miles
west of Presque Isle State Park, Pennsylvania, on June 19, using a
female Aranea patagiata Clerck [det. W. J. Gertsch] and two im-
mature females of Aranea cornuta Clerck [det. W. J. Gertsch] and
on June 26, using a female and penultimate instar male Aranea
cornuta Clerck [det. W. J. Gertsch] ; Presque Isle State Park,
Pennsylvania, on June 8, using a female and male Epeira displicata
Hentz [det. B. J. Kaston] and on June 26, using a female Aranea
cornuta Clerck [det. W. J. Gertsch]. The observations made do
not differ greatly from those of other workers in the field but the
following exception is worthy of note. One interesting case of
brigandage was observed in which one female wasp stole from
another a spider hidden under a piece of driftwood. It then pro-
ceeded to walk rapidly backwards with its prey for a distance of
approximately forty yards up a steep bank covered with thick
vegetation. Instead of grasping the spider by the base of a hind
leg or a hind leg, as is usually the case in this species, this particu-
lar wasp grasped the spider by the base of one pedipalp.

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A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Life History of

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A Revision of the Genus Eurema — Part II. New World
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Notes and Keys on the Genus Brochymena, Ruckes. 95

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Female Genitalia of Culicidae, with Particular Reference

to Characters of Generic Value, Coher. 38 pp. 1948 . .$ 4.00

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Entomologica Americana, Vols. 1-6 (1885-1890) and 7-

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per cover. Write for quotation.

A Glossary of Entomology, Torre-Bueno, cloth bound,

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Supplement A to Torre-Bueno’s Glossary of Entomol-
ogy, 36 pp., 1960 $ 1.00

Monographs from Entomologica Americana
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A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Life History of

Bremus bimaculatus, Frison. 65 pp., 8 figs. 1928 . . . .$ 2.00

A Revision of the Genus Eurema — Part II. New World
Species, Taxonomy and Synonymy, Klots. 73 pp.,

101 figs. 1929 ..$ 1.50

Synopsis of the Principal Larval Forms of the Cole-

optera, Boving & Craighead, cloth bound, 351 pp., 125
plates. 1930-31 $10.00

The Nearctic Social Wasps of the Subfamily Polybiinae,

Bequaert. 63 pp., 8 figs. 1933 $ 2.00

Revision of the Epistrophe Flies of America North of

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The Biology and Taxonomy of the Genus Trichiotinus,

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BULLETIN

OF THE

BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Vol. LVI APRIL, 1961 No. 2

STUDIES ON THE PLECOPTERA OF NORTH
AMERICA: VIII.1 THE IDENTITY OF
THE SPECIES OF PARACAPNIA2

By John F. Hanson, Amherst, Mass.

During the summer of 1960 it was my good fortune and pleasure
to go to Oxford in England to study the types of one of our two
American species of Paracapnia. My pleasure was reduced, how-
ever, upon discovering that Paracapnia curvata, 1946, a species
which I had described earlier, must fall into synonymy under
P. opis (Newman), 1839.

The name opis lay unused and the species unrecognized for
ninety-nine years after the original description. After studying the
types of opis at Oxford, Ricker (1938) declared this species to be
identical with what Needham and Claassen in their monograph
(1925) called vernalis Newport. Apparently, Claassen had pre-
viously studied the types of opis (see Ricker, 1938, p. 135) and
had come to the same conclusion. However, the Needham and
Claassen drawings are inadequate and Ricker made none at all.
Thus, Frison in 1942 and myself later (1943, 1946) expressed
some skepticism concerning the identity of the species. Frison’s
conviction that there was only one Eastern North American species
simplified the problem in his mind, and he described and figured
some Illinois specimens as opis.

Since the distinctive male genital features were clearly recog-
nizable in Frison’s drawings and since it was unlikely that I would

1 Part VII appeared in the April 1960 issue of this journal.
The title was inadvertently incomplete as to part number.

2 Supported by NIH Grant E-1442(C5), U. S. Public Health
Service. Contribution No. 1343 from the entomological labora-
tory of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LVI

get a chance to study the types of opis at Oxford in the near future,
it seemed appropriate to accept his fine description so that both
species of Paracapnia could be made available in the biological
literature. Thus, in 1946 I described P. curvata as a new species
quite different from the one figured by Frison in 1942. Unfortu-
nately, the present study has shown his choice to have been wrong :
i.e., the male type specimen of opis is not conspecific with the opis
of Frison. As a result of this confusion, P. curvata becomes a
synonym of P. opis and a new name must be applied to the species
generally called opis.

To add to the confusion, my recent studies of the lectotype of
vernalis in London have shown that this is a species of Capnia and
not a Paracapnia , and thus is quite different in many details from
what Needham and Claassen (1925) interpreted as vernalis. A
study of the Needham and Claassen (1925, p. 385) drawings of
the wings and genitalia of vernalis is convincing evidence that these
authors were dealing with a Paracapnia, not a Capnia, although it
is not quite clear which species of Paracapnia they illustrated. It is
extremely probable that the published collection data under vernalis
and opis represent a mixture of the two species of Paracapnia since
these are sympatric over much of their ranges. All of the speci-
mens studied by Needham and Claassen, Frison, and Ricker should
therefore be reclassified.

It is the purpose of the present paper simply to clarify the
identity of the two species of Paracapnia.

Paracapnia opis (Newman)

Chloroperla opis Newman, 1839, Mag. Nat. Hist. 3: 89 (J'J types
in Hope Collection, Pitt Rivers Museum, Univ. of Oxford,
England) .

Capnia vernalis, Needham and Claassen, 1925, The Plecoptera or
stoneflies of America North of Mexico, pp. 256-7, 2 question-
able figs, of ^2 (in part?; not Newport, 1848).

Capnia opis, Ricker, 1938, Trans. Roy. Canad. Inst., vol. 22, pt. 1,
no. 47, pp. 134-5 (in part?).

Capnia opis, Frison, 1942, Bui. Illinois Nat. Hist. Survey 22(2) :
264-5 (not Newman, 1839; collection data in part).

Paracapnia curvata Hanson, 1946, Amer. Midi. Nat. 35: 237-8,
fig. 53 ( New Synonymy) .

Types. — The two types at Oxford are not still in good condi-
tion. Some of the wings of both, the venation of which was de-
scribed in detail by Ricker (1938), seem to have been lost. The
male specimen has only the basal portion of the right front wing

April 1961 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

remaining, and in the female the right front wing is missing. The
museum attendant felt very certain that the wings are no longer
in existence. The abdomens of both type specimens are mounted
in balsam and affixed to the pins bearing the head and thorax. The
latter are glued to a paper point, concealing critical diagnostic
sternal thoracic characters. The supraanal process of the male, as
was mentioned by Ricker, is damaged : it is distorted and split wide
open at the basal curvature and even the remaining distal region
is slightly split so that its shape is difficult to determine. The notch
mentioned by Ricker in 1938 on the subgenital plate of the female
is not natural. Under the high power of the stereoscope it can be
seen to have a ragged edge such as might be produced by buffalo
beetle feeding. Judging by the penmanship and the method of
mounting, it appears that Dr. Kimmins of the British Museum
prepared these fine balsam mounts to properly preserve and pro-
tect the remains.

Both specimens are from “Newfoundland.” Another label on
each pin is not easily read : Ricker has suggested that it is either
“Weston” or “Chuston.” The “Chuston” possibility seems much
the more likely since it would be very difficult to interpret the first
letter of the label on the female specimen as a W ; and furthermore,
on the male the label seems quite clearly to start with a Ch. How-
ever, I am not able to find Chuston on any maps of Newfoundland
available to me.

In spite of the condition of the types, I had no difficulty with
the generic placement of these specimens. One of the best features
for distinguishing Capnia from Paracapnia is the presence or ab-
sence respectively of a sharp curvature in the base of vein 1A of
the front wing : this is visible in both specimens.

Lectotype.— Since the females of the two species of Paracapnia
are presently indistinguishable, the male cotype of P. opis is here
designated lectotype. It remains, of course, in the Hope Collec-
tion at Oxford.

Male. — Since the two known species of Paracapnia are presently
distinguishable only by the structure of the supraanal process of
the male, the poor condition of the lectotype presented a problem.
The longer I tried to reconstruct in my mind the distorted pieces
of the supraanal process the more nearly convinced I became that
opis was the species with the longer more curved supraanal process
(Fig. 6). The problem was satisfactorily resolved, however, only
when I discovered a feature which I had missed when originally
distinguishing the two species (Hanson, 1946). The ventral basal
part of the supraanal process of the lectotype, which is not dam-

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LVI

aged, is clearly visible on the slide, and a comparison of several
specimens shows a consistent difference between the two species in
this region ventrally (Figs. 1 and 5). In P. opis the supraanal
process extends much more posteriorly beyond the subanal lobes
than in P. angulata. The narrowness of the base of the supraanal
process of opis accentuates this appearance of greater length. Also,
the membranous intrusion into the base of the supraanal process
ventrally is narrower in opis , with much more of the supraanal
process visible beyond the tip of the intrusion than is the case in
angulata.

Further descriptive information on the male and a description of
the female is contained in the original description of P. curvata
(Hanson, 1946, pp. 236-8).

Figs. 1-4, Paracapnia angulata, n. sp., supraanal process. Fig. 1,
Ventral view. Fig. 2, Lateral view. Fig. 3, Lateral view with
seminal duct expanded and open. Fig. 4, Dorsal view. Figs. 5-8,
Paracapnia opis (Newman), supraanal process. Fig. 5, Ventral
view, with broken line indicating maximum posterior extension
found in any specimen. Fig. 6, Lateral view. Fig. 7, Lateral
view, with seminal duct expanded and open. Fig. 8, Dorsal view.

April 1961 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Paracapnia angulata, n. sp.

Capnia vernalis, Needham and Claassen, 1925, The Plecoptera or
stoneflies of America North of Mexico, pp. 356-7, 2 questionable
figs, of (£2 (in part?; not Newport, 1848).

Capnia opis, Ricker, 1938, Trans. Roy. Canad. Inst., vol. 22, pt. 1,
no. 47, pp. 134-5 (in part?; not Newman, 1839).

Capnia opis, Frison, 1942, Bui. Illinois Nat. Hist. Survey 22(2) :
264-5, figs, of lCf? good (collection data in part; not Newman,
1839).

Male. — A general description of this species would be superfluous
because is is distinguishable from P. opis only by the supraanal
process of the male. Figures 1-8 show ventral, lateral, and dorsal
views of this process in comparison with the same of P. opis. Dif-
ferences in the ventral view have been noted in the discussion of
the lectotype of P. opis. In a lateral view of P. angulata both the
inner and outer margins are angled at the base (Fig. 2). The
inner margin may be as acutely angled as shown in the drawing or
may approach a right angle, but it is never evenly curved as in
P. opis. The supraanal process of P. angulata is shorter than that
of P. opis and is also the thicker in either lateral or dorsal view.
P. angulata has a single, usually conspicuous, bulge in both lateral
and dorsal views, whereas P. opis is nearly uniform in width in
lateral view and shows two slight enlargements in dorsal view.
The appearance of the apical part of the supraanal process depends
somewhat on the seminal duct which may be found in various stages
of expansion in different specimens.

Most of the P. angulata males that I have studied are somewhat
brachypterous, whereas in P. opis I have found no brachypterous
males. Ricker, however, reported the wings of the lectotype of
opis, which are now lost, to be brachypterous. Thus, though
brachyptery may be more common in P. angulata, it is present in
P. opis on occasion.

Female. — Although the two species of Paracapnia are sym-
patric, they have not been taken together at one stream. Therefore,
even though the females of the two species are indistinguishable, it
seems advisable to designate specimens taken in association with
identifiable males as types.

Types. — Holotype male, allotype female, Pelham, Mass., 23 Mar.
1938 (J. F. Hanson). Paratopotypes, lSJ'J' 11?$. Paratypes, all
from Massachusetts: 2$$, Sunderland, 30 Mar. 1937 (J. F. Han-
son) ; lj', Paradise Trail, Sunderland, 19 Mar. 1938 (JFH) ; 2 J'J',
Ware, 23 Mar. 1938 (JFH) ; Westbrook, 1<J on 18 Feb. 1937,

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. lvi

1<? on 29 Mar. 1937, on 4 Apr. 1937, 1? on 14 Apr. 1937,

1<? 1? on 9 Feb. 1938 (JFH) ; 4<?<? 1$, Belchertown, 23 Mar. 1938
(JFH) ; E. Amherst, lj' on 6 Apr. 1937, lj' on 24 Apr. 1938
(JFH); Medford, 2^ 1? on 29 Mar. 1937 (L. M. Bartlett),
34?$ on 1 Apr. 1938 (LMB).

Key to Males of Paracapnia

Supraanal process of male angulate at base, 0.40 to 0.50 mm. long.

P. angulata

Supraanal process not angulate but curved at base, thinner than
that of the above species, 0.55 to 0.60 mm. long P. opis

Acknowledgements

I am indebted to the staff of the Pitt Rivers Museum at Oxford
for making available facilities and equipment for the study of the
type of Paracapnia opis and to Dr. Edward Coher for critically
reading and correcting the manuscript of this article.

References

Frison, T. H. 1942. Studies of North American Plecoptera
with special reference to the fauna of Illinois. Bui. Illinois Nat.
Hist. Survey 22(2) : 235-355, figs. 1-126.

Hanson, J. F. 1943. Studies on the Plecoptera of North Amer-
ica. IV. Further notes on the Capniidae. Bui. Brooklyn Ent.
Soc. 38: 155-163, figs. 1-6.

1946. Comparative morphology and taxonomy of the

Capniidae (Plecoptera). Amer. Midi. Nat. 35: 193-249,
figs. 1-66.

Needham, J. G. and P. W. Claassen. 1925. A monograph of
the Plecoptera or stoneflies of America north of Mexico. Ent.
Soc. America, Thomas Say Foundation 2: 1-397, pis. 1-50.
Ricker, W. E. 1938. Notes on specimens of American Plecop-
tera in European collections. Trans. Roy. Canad. Inst. 22:
129-156, figs. 1-38.

April 1961 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

A MODIFICATION OF THE NEW JERSEY INSECT
LIGHT TRAP TO REDUCE DAMAGE TO
SPECIMENS.

By George F. Edmunds, Jr.1

Insects collected in light traps frequently are poor museum speci-
mens. The larger moths usually beat their wings until they are
tattered and the scales are rubbed off, and these scales then are
scattered over the bodies of other insects in the collection. Most
attempts to remedy this problem have been directed toward in-
creasing the killing effectiveness of the container into which the
insects fall or are blown by a fan.

I have operated fan-type standard New Jersey light traps for
several years with considerable success in yielding specimens in
good condition. My solution to the problem of preventing damag-
ing struggling movements, rather than to effect a more rapid kill,
is to keep the insects in the trap alive and give them a resting place.

The usual killing- jar is replaced with a large cloth sack about
two thirds full of lightly packed crumpled newspaper. A regular
50-pound flour sack is ideal. Most insects which are blown into
the bag crawl into crevices in the paper, presumably to avoid the
draft from the fan. Trap yields in the area where the trap was
operative were such that they would seldom exceed two inches in
a pint jar, so it is possible that in areas with high yield, one might
need a proportionately larger bag.

The trap is emptied in the morning by dropping the detached
cloth bag into a large pliofilm bag and adding a chloroform or ether
soaked wad of cotton. The cloth bag is emptied later onto a white
paper, the crumpled paper gently shaken and unfolded and the
dead insects sorted and processed for the collection. The small
fragile insects as well as the larger moths are usually in good con-
dition and are fresh and soft for pinning, rather than being dried
out by the fan as insects dead for several hours would be.

1 University of Utah.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society VoL LVI

TAXONOMIC NOTES ON SOME MEXICAN AND
CENTRAL AMERICAN ELAPHIDIONINE
CERAMBYCIDAE (COLEOPTERA)

By E. Gorton Linsley1

During the past seventy-five years, the Elaphidionini of the
United States and Canada have become much better known than
they were at the time when the Mexican and Central American
species were last reviewed (Bates, 1880, 1885). In addition, con-
siderable progress has been made in attempting to understand their
generic relationships. This paper is intended to present the result
of a review of the described Mexican and Central American species
in the light of these developments and to present a revised classifica-
tion of the genera now known to occur in the region. No attempt
has been made to include the West Indian fauna nor to integrate
undescribed species, although these have been taken into account
where feasible, in testing the validity of concepts.

Key to the Mexican and Central American
Genera of Elaphidionini

1. Prosternum with intercoxal process arched, arcuately declivous

posteriorly 2

Prosternum with intercoxal process nearly plane, truncate
or rounded behind, abruptly and vertically or concavely
declivous ; antennal spines usually very long, some of the
segments usually bispinose, spine of third segment nearly
always much longer than second segment .... Elaphidion
2(1). Elytral apices each prominently bispinose, the outer spine
usually longer, or truncate and unispinose with the spine
long, external ; or, some of the outer antennal segments

bispinose 3

Elytral apices without apical spines or unispinose with the
spine short, sutural ; antennal segments unispinose or

unarmed 4

3(2). Antennal spines moderate, usually gradually decreasing in
length from third segment ; episterna of metathorax al-
ways narrow and parallel-sided, or nearly so ; size small

to moderate Elaphidionoides

Antennal spines prominent, often long, some of the seg-
ments usually bispinose; episterna of metathorax often
broad in front and distinctly narrowed behind ; form large,

1 University of California, Berkeley.

April 1961 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

robust Enaphalodes

4(2). Metathorax with episterna narrow and parallel-sided, or

nearly so 5

Metathorax with episterna broad in front, distinctly nar-
rowed behind ; form large, robust Eustromula

5(4). Pronotum with a median polished vitta, or antennae with
spines on the third to seventh or eighth segments .... 6
Pronotum without a median polished vitta, or antennae, at
most, with spines on the third to fifth or sixth seg-
ments 7

6(5). Labial palpi slender, maxillary palpi expanded, securiform;

antennae with third to fifth segments spinose, sixth spicu-

late Poecilomallus

Labial and maxillary palpi similar or the latter only slightly

expanded ; antennal spines various Anelaphus

7(5). Antennae and legs bristling with long flying hairs; elytra
without pubescent fasciae ; antennae with spine of third

segment prominent Anopliomorpha

Antennae and legs without long flying hairs ; elytra with or
without pubescent fasciae ; antennae with spine of third
segment usually short or lacking Peranoplium

Genus Elaphidion Serville

Elaphidion Serville, 1834, Ann. Soc. Ent. France 3 :66; Lacordaire,
1869, Genera Coleopteres 8:300; Bates, 1880, Biologia Centrali-
Americana, Coleoptera 5 :24.

This generic name is used in the restricted sense for species in
which the opposing faces of the pro- and mesosternum are vertical
or concave. The antennal spines are usually very long and the
posterior femora are usually but not always spined. In addition to
Elaphidion irroratum (Linnaeus) and E. mimeticum Schaeffer,
the following species should apparently be assigned here.

Elaphidion laeve White

Elaphidion laeve White, 1853, Catal. Coleopt. British Mus. 7:102.
Hypermallus laevis, Bates, 1880, Biologia Centrali- Americana,
Coleoptera 5 :26.

This species has the form and facies of Elaphidion and the
prosternum is truncate behind, the mesosternum truncate and sub-
vertical in front, the antennal spines are heavy on the third, fourth,
and fifth segments, and the fifth to ninth or tenth segments are
bispinose, a combination of characters that would exclude it from

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LVI

Elaphidionoides ( Hypermallus Bates). The type, a female, has
the antennae about as long as the body, perhaps a little longer,
with the eleventh segment not longer than the tenth. The femora
are unarmed and the elytral apices are bispinose with the outer
spine longer. The integument is dark reddish-brown and sub-
glabrous, but apparently the specimen is badly rubbed or denuded,
since a few hairs are evident near the elytral apices. The length
is 14 mm.

Elaphidion scabricolle (Bates)

Hypermallus scabricollis Bates, 1872, Trans. Ent. Soc. London,
1872:175.

The generic characters of this species are anomalous, but the
truncate pro- and mesosternal processes would appear to exclude
it from Elaphidionoides, which it suggests in facies because of the
cylindrical pronotum which is much narrower than the elytra, the
pubescent pattern which consists of small tawny patches on the
head, pronotum and base of elytra and small white flecks over the
remainder of the elytra, the moderate antennal spines which are
present only on segments three to six, none being bispinose, the
unarmed femora, and the bidentate elytral apices in which the
outer angle, at best, is subspiniform.

The type is a female from Chontales, Nicaragua. The integu-
ment is reddish-brown, shining, the pronotum coarsely alveolately
and subconfluently punctate except for a median longitudinal smooth
vitta ; the elytra are coarsely, closely punctate at base, the punctures
becoming finer beyond middle and disappearing before apex. The
antennae (J) reach to about the apical one-fourth of the elytra,
the eleventh segment being but little longer than the tenth.

Elaphidion glabriusculum (Bates)

Hypermallus glabriusculus Bates, 1885, Biologia Centrali- Ameri-
cana, Coleoptera 5:251.

Like the preceding, this species exhibits anomalous generic char-
acters and might be assigned either to Elaphidion or Elaphidion-
oides, depending upon how much weight is given to the truncate,
vertical or concave, intercoxal processes of the pro- and mesosterna,
and the more prominent spine of the third antennal segment, which
is much longer than that of the fourth segment. On these grounds,
I have placed it in Elaphidion.

In coloration, the integument is reddish-brown, with a few ob-
scure flecks of yellow or tawny pubescence on the pronotum and a
few white flecks on elytra. The antennae are slightly longer than

April 1961 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

the body in the male with the eleventh segment distinctly longer
than the tenth, attaining apical one-fifth of elytra in the female,
the eleventh segment scarcely longer than the tenth. The pronotum
is coarsely but not alveolately punctate, with a smooth median
vitta. The elytra are coarsely, densely punctate at base, the punc-
tures becoming finer and sparser beyond middle, and disappearing
or evanescent toward apex, the pubescence is coarse, short, sub-
depressed, not obscuring the surface except for the widely scattered
flecks of appressed white tomentum, and the apices are truncate
with the inner angle subacute, the outer angle spiniform. The
femora are unarmed. The length varies from 10-13 mm. in the
type series from Bugaba, Panama, 800-1500 ft. elevation (Cham-
pion) .

Genus Elaphidionoides Linsley

Elaphidionoides Linsley, 1957, Canadian Ent. 89:283.
Hypermallus, Bates (not Lacordaire, 1869), 1879, Biologia Cen-
trali-Americana, Coleoptera 5 :25 ; Casey, 1912, Mem. Coleoptera
3 :292.

This genus is very similar to Elaphidion but differs by having
the intercoxal process of the prosternum arched and arcuately de-
clivous behind.

Elaphidionoides gihhulus (Bates)

Hypermallus gihhulus Bates, 1880, Biologia Centrali-Americana,
Coleoptera 5 :25.

Elaphidion arizonense Casey, 1892, Ann. New York Acad. Sci.
6:28.

Hypermallus arizonensis , Casey, 1912, Memoirs Coleoptera 3:299.
( New Synonymy )

In this species the elytral apices are always emarginate but the
development of the sutural and external spines varies considerably.
In some cases the apices are prominently bispinose, in other cases
little more than bidentate and frequently the external angle is
scarcely more than truncate. Such individuals may run with
difficulty to Elaphidionoides in the above key but nevertheless the
species appears to be best assigned to that genus.

Elaphidionoides lanuginosus (Bates)

Hypermallus lanuginosus Bates, 1885, Biologia Centrali-Americana,
Coleoptera 5 :250.

Small, cylindrical, rufo-testaceous, irregularly clothed with
rather long, appressed, dirty yellowish pubescence. Antennae

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LVI

about as long as body in the male, nearly attaining elytral apices
in the female, spine of third segment much longer than that of
fourth, fifth segment minutely spiculate. Pronotum cylindrical,
about as long as broad, disk with a median longitudinal smooth
area, broad and extending from base to apex in female, short and
more or less limited to area behind mildle in male. Elytra coarsely
punctate, basal punctures mostly separated by one diameter or less ;
apices truncate with a stout external spine. Femora unarmed.

This species differs from other Elaphidionoides in the greater
proportional development of the spine at the apex of the third
antennal segment.

Genus Enaphalodes Haldeman

Enaphalodes Haldeman, 1847, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia
3:151; Linsley, 1957, Canadian Ent. 89:283.

Romaleum White, 1855, Catal. Coleoptera Brit. Mus. 8:309; Bates,
1880, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Coleoptera 5 :23.
Hypermallus Lacordaire, 1869, Genera Coleopteres 8:302.
Thersalus Pascoe, 1886, Jour. Ent. 2:372.

Enaphalodes is related to Elaphidionoides, but the included
species are larger and more robust and usually have more prominent
antennal spines, the prosternum wider in front, rather than sub-
parallel, and in some species the two sexes exhibit pronounced dif-
ferences in pronotal punctation and sculpturing. Several species
are known to occur in Mexico or Central America, of which the
following call for special mention.

Enaphalodes decipiens (Bates)

Hypermallus decipiens Bates, 1885, Biologia Centrali-Americana,
Coleoptera 5 :248.

This species is closely related to E. atomarium but apparently
distinct. The type specimen, a male from Pasco del Macho, Mexico,
is a little smaller (length 22 mm.) than the average male of
atomarium , and has smaller, less acute antennal tubercles and
antennae which exceed the elytral apices by only two segments.

Enaphalodes coronatum (White)

Elaphidion coronatum White, 1853, Catal. Coleoptera Brit. Mus.
7:100; Bates, 1880, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Coleoptera
5:24, pi. 3, fig. 12.

E. coronatum has somewhat anomalous generic characters but
nevertheless the arcuately declivous prosternal process excludes it

April 1961 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

from Elaphidion as presently defined, and its robust form and well
developed antennal spines suggest assignment of the species to
Enaphalodes rather than Elaphidionoides. In coloration it is not
unlike Enaphalodes senex (Bates) and E. taeniatum (LeConte).
These last two were synonymized by Schaeffer (1908), and this
synonymy is quite probably correct, although the type of the former
differs slightly from Texan examples of taeniatum in the pattern
of tawny flecks on the pronotum.

Genus Poecilomallus Bates

Poecilomallus Bates, 1892, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1892:151.

Integument shining with scattered long, coarse, erect hairs.
Labial palpi slender, maxillary palpi greatly expanded, securiform.
Antennae with apical spines on third to fifth segments, sixth seg-
ment spiculate, sparsely ciliate internally. Pronotum longer than
broad, sides rounded, disk with a median polished callous and a
pair of oval tubercles on each side ; prosternum with intercoxal
process arched, arcuately declivous posteriorly; intermediate coxal
cavities closed externally ; episterna of metathorax very narrow,
attenuated anteriorly. Elytra with apices slightly emarginate,
sutural angle feebly dentiform, outer angle narrowly rounded.

Poecilomallus palpalis . Bates

Poecilomallus palpalis Bates, 1892, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1872:
151, pi. 5, fig. 6.

Head and thorax, basal half of elytra, and a transverse band
before apex densely clothed with appressed pale pubescence.
Pronotum minutely punctate and densely pubescent except for
discal callouses. Elytra rather coarsely punctate near base where
most of the punctures are separated by a diameter or less, the
punctures becoming smaller at middle and disappearing toward
apex, pubescence short, suberect, not dense, with an intermixture
of very long erect hairs. Length 11 mm.

Type locality: Temax, N. Yucatan, Mexico.

Genus Anelaphus Linsley
Anelaphus Linsley, 1936, Ann^Soc. Amer. 29:464.

At least five species of Anelaphus have been recorded from
Mexico previously. To these should be added the following
Mexican or Central American species which were assigned to
Hypermallus by Bates.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. lvi

Anelaphus daedaleus (Bates)

Hypermallus daedalus Bates, 1874, Trans. Ent. Soc. London,
'1874:219.

Chestnut-brown, the antennae and legs reddish-brown ; pronotum
with patches of yellowish tomentum on each side of disk, each
elytron with a pair of oblique irregular streaks of ashy-yellow
tomentum. Antennae a little longer than the body in the male
with third to sixth segments spinose at apex, the seventh minutely
spiculate, eleventh segment distinctly longer than tenth, nearly as
long as body in female with the third to seventh spinose at apex,
the eighth spiculate, eleventh segment not longer than tenth. Pro-
notum coarsely densely punctate, with a smooth median vitta over
most of basal half of mid-line. Elytra coarsely and somewhat
rugosely punctate at base, especially on disk, the punctures be-
coming a little smaller posteriorly ; apices subtruncate, inner angle
feebly dentiform. Length 12 mm.

Type locality : Chontales, Nicaragua. I have also examined a
male from Los Canas, Costa Rica.

Anelaphus jansoni, n. sp.

Male: Form moderately robust. Integument dark reddish-
brown, clothed with short, depressed hairs and with condensed
patches of appressed white pubescence. Head moderately finely,
densely punctate behind upper lobes of eyes ; antennae a little longer
than the body, third to sixth segments spinose at apex, eleventh
segment longer than tenth, more or less appendiculate. Pronotum
wider than long, sides feebly rounded, disk with a narrow, longi-
tudinal, median polished ridge extending from base to apex and
slightly wider at middle, an oval, polished, coarsely punctate callous
on each side in front of middle and a similar but more elongate
callous behind the middle and closer to the sides, surface very
finely densely punctate and thinly clothed with short, coarse, ap-
pressed pale hairs mostly oriented transversely, antero-laterally, or
anteriorly, condensed into small patches at base and apex of median
line, at base and apex of sublateral callous, and at middle of side ;
prosternum finely rugoso-punctate. Elytra coarsely punctate at
base where the punctures are mostly separated by less than one
diameter, becoming much finer beyond middle ; surface uniformly
clothed with short, depressed or recurved hairs, with irregular
patches of appressed white pubescence, densest on humeri, along
sides, at middle, and near apex ; apices rounded to the suture.
Abdomen finely, densely punctate, uniformly pubescent. Length
18 mm.

April 1961 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Female: Antennae reaching nearly to apical one-third of elytra,
outer segments short, eleventh segment not longer than tenth ;
pronotum coarsely and somewhat confluently punctate on each side
of polished median ridge ; prosternum transversely rugose. Length
17 mm.

Holotype male, allotype female, and three male paratypes from
Chontales, Nicaragua (Janson) in the collection of the British
Museum (Natural History).

Notes: In size and form this species resembles A. inermis (New-
man), with which it was confused by Bates. It differs at once,
however, in the sculpturing of the pronotum which has a median
polished ridge extending from base to apex in both sexes, and the
form of the elytral apices which are rounded to the suture and not
truncate.

Anelaphus panamensis, n. sp.

Male: Integument reddish-brown, clothed with short, depressed
or recurved hairs, with condensed patches of longer, tawny, ap-
pressed pubescence. Head moderately finely, densely punctate be-
hind upper lobes of eyes ; antenna slightly longer than the body,
segments three to six spinose at apex, eleventh segment longer
than tenth, slender. Pronotum a little wider than long ; sides very
feebly rounded ; disk with an elongate, longitudinal, median polished
area which does not reach base or apex and an ill-defined, coarsely
punctate longitudinal, arcuate callous on each side, intermediate
area finely densely punctate ; surface thinly clothed with moderately
long, coarse, appressed, tawny hairs mostly oriented transversely,
antero-laterally or anteriorly, condensed into patches at base and
apex of median line, along arcuate sublateral callous and near sides ;
prosternum rugoso-punctate. Elytra coarsely and very densely
punctate at base where the punctures are nearly contiguous, becom-
ing smaller over apical one-third, surface irregularly clothed with
condensed patches of moderately long appressed tawny pubescence ;
apices rounded to the suture. Abdoment shining, thinly clothed
with long pale hairs. Length 14 mm.

Female: Antennae reaching to apical one-fourth of elytra,
eleventh segment not longer than tenth ; pronotum, coarsely, ir-
regularly punctate on each side of mid-line, which is not so well
defined as in the male, punctures mostly separated ; prosternum
coarsely punctate and transversely rugose. Length 13.5 mm.

Holotype male and allotype female from V. de Atitlan, Panama,
elevation 25-3500 ft. (Champion, in the collection of the British
Museum (Natural History). Other specimens from Bugaba and
Mirandilla also appear assignable to this species but have not been
designated paratypes.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LVI

Notes: This species is smaller than A. inermis and A. jansoni and
the elytra are more densely punctate and the pubescence of the
condensed patches is somewhat longer and tawny rather than ashy-
gray. The median pronotal vitta is more elongate than in inermis
but does not extend to the basal or apical margins, as in jansoni.
The discal punctation of the pronotum is also distinctive, especially
in the female.

Anelaphus subseriatus (Bates)

Hy per mallus subs eriatus Bates, 1885, Biologia Centrali- Americana,
Coleoptera 5 : 250.

This species is apparently related to the preceding, but differing
in the arrangement of the elytral pubescence which is dirty yellow,
irregular but moderately dense, with the coarse punctures showing
through as in some Hesperophanini. The antennal segments are
heavy and flattened, with spines at the apices of third to seventh
segments, at least. Length 13-16 mm.

Type locality: San Lorenzo, Panama.

Genus Peranoplium Linsley

Peranoplium Linsley, 1957, Amer. Museum Novitates, 1828:17.

This genus is closely related to Anopliomorpha but differs in the
absence of long flying hairs from the legs and antennae. The spine
of the third antennal segment is usually short, sometimes lacking.
In some of the species the elytra have pubescent fasciae.

Key to the Mexican and Central American Peranoplium

1. Pronotum and elytra with patches of dense white pubsecence

Pronotum and elytra without patches of dense white pubescence,
the pubescence irregular, appressed, griseo-fulvous, inter-
mixed with longer suberect hairs ; pronotum ovoid-cylindri-
cal, disk with a post-median smooth callous ; elytral apices
subtruncate, slightly rounded externally, sutural angle denti-
form. 11 mm misellum

2. Pronotum subcylindrical, disk with a linear median smooth

callous, pubescent spots large and well defined ; antennae with
segments three to six spinose at apex, seventh segment min-
utely spiculate ; elytral apices emarginate, both angles distinct.

12 mm eximium

Pronotum with sides broadly rounded, disk without a smooth
median callous, pubescent spots small, poorly defined ; an-
tennae with segments three to five spinose at apex, sixth

April 1961 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

segment minutely spiculate ; elytral apices entire, not emargin-
ate. 9—10 mm . undulatum

Peranoplium misellum (Bates)

Hypermallus misellus Bates, 1880, Biologia Centrali- Americana,

Coleoptera 5:251.

Moderately small, subcylindrical, brown, appendages and elytra
slightly more reddish-brown ; pubescence appressed, griseo-fulvous,
somewhat irregular, with an intermixture of longer erect and sub-
erect hairs, which are not, however, as long as diameter of second
antennal segment. Antennae of male as long as or a little longer
than the body, third to fifth or sixth segments spinose at apex, the
following segment spiculate, eleventh segment longer than tenth,
that of female shorter than the body, segments three to six spinose
at apex, seventh segment spiculate, eleventh segment not longer
than tenth. Pronotum ovoid-cylindrical, disk with a short post-
median smooth callous. Elytra with apices subtruncate, sutural
angle dentiform. Femora simple. Length 11 mm.

The type, a male, is from Guatemala. Examples have also been
seen from Costa Rica and Panama.

Peranoplium eximium (Bates)

Hypermallus eximius Bates, 1885, Biologia Centrali-Americana,

Coleoptera 5 :250.

Brown, elytra and abdomen reddish-brown, antennae and legs
rufotestaceous ; pronotum with a pair of dense patches of white
pubescence on each side of disk, a sublateral patch at base and a
lateral patch at middle ; elytra with a broken sinuous transverse
series of white patches at middle, another before apex ; thoracic
sterna white pubescent marginally. Antennae slender, a little longer
than the body, third to sixth segments spinose at apex, seventh
spiculate. Pronotum subcylindrical, more or less alveolate-punctate,
with a smooth median vitta. Elytra feebly emarginate-truncate at
apex, angles distinct but not dentiform. Length 12 mm.

The type is from Oaxaca, Mexico.

Peranoplium undulatum (Bates)

Hypermallus undulatus Bates, 1880, Biologia Centrali-Americana,
Coleoptera 5 :25.

Dark brown, elytra, abdomen, and appendages dark reddish-
brown ; pronotum with two or three poorly defined patches of white
pubescence on each side of disk, another near lateral margin ; elytra

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society VoL LV1

each with a sinuous transverse patch of white pubescence at middle
and an oval spot before apex ; anterior coxae, mesosternum, and
metasternum at sides, white pubescent. Antennae shorter than
the body in both sexes, but longer in the male than in the female
with the eleventh segment distinctly longer than the tenth and more
or less appendiculate, segments three to five spinose, sixth segment
spiculate. Pronotum broadly rounded at sides, disk alveolate
punctate without a smooth median vitta. Elytral apices entire, not
emarginate or dentate. Length, J': 12-14 mm., J : 9-10 mm.

The type locality is Trapiche, Mexico.

Genus Anopliomorpha Linsley

Two species of this genus have been recorded from northern
Mexico, A. reticolle (Bates) and A. rinconium (Casey).

Acknowledgments

This study is one of a number made possible by the National
Science Foundation during the author’s tenure as Research Pro-
fessor, Miller Institute, University of California. Types of de-
scribed species were kindly made available at the American Museum
of Natural History, New York, by J. G. Rozen, at the British
Museum (Natural History), London, by E. B. Britton, at the
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, by P. J.
Darlington, at the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelles, Paris,
by A. Villiers, at the United States National Museum, Washington,
D.C., by J. F. G. Clarke and G. Vogt, and at the Universitets Zoo-
logiske Museum, Copenhagen, by S. L. Tuxen.

Literature Cited

Bates, H. W. 1879-85. Longicornia. Biologia Centrali-
Americana, Insecta Coleoptera 5:1-435, 505-525, pis. 1-25.

1892. Additions to the Longicornia of Mexico and

Central America, with remarks on some previously de-
scribed species. Trans Ent. Soc. London, 1892:143-183,
pis. 5-7.

Lacordaire, J. T. 1869. Genera des Coleopteres. Paris. Vol.
8. 552 pp.

Linsley, E. G. 1935. Studies in the Longicornia of Mexico.
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 61 :67-102.

1936. Preliminary studies in the North American

Phoracanthini and Sphaerionini. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer.

April 1961 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

29 : 46 1-479.

1942. Contributions toward a knowledge of the

insect fauna of Lower California. No. 2. Coleoptera: Cer-
ambycidae. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (4)24:21-96.

1957. Some new genera and species of North Ameri-
can Cerambycidae. Canadian Ent. 89 :283-287.

Thomson, J. 1860. Essai d’une classification de la famille des
Cerambycides et materiaux pour servir a une monographic
de cette famille. Paris, xvi + 396 pp.

— 1864. Systema Cerambycidarum ou expose de tous

les genres compris dans la famille des Cerambycides et
families limitrophes. Mem. Soc. Roy Sci. Liege 19:1-540.

White, A. 1853. Catalogue of coleopterous insects in the
collection of the British Museum, pt. VIII, Longicornia I.
London. 174 pp., 4 pis.

THE DESIGNATION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE
NEOTYPE OF TIPULA FRATERNA LOEW
(TIPULIDAE : DIPTERA).

By Dennis Hynes1

During the course of a taxonomic study of the “fraterna” com-
plex, it became necessary to designate a neotype for T ipula fraterna
Loew. The type of this species was described by Loew in 1864,
and the type material has since been reported as lost (Alexander,
1915). Dr. Alexander (personal communication) informed me
that the late Dr. Nathan Banks had examined the type material of
certain species described by Loew (1864) in an attempt to find the
types of T. fraterna and others which have also been lost. A letter
was sent to the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology, where
this material is located, asking if Dr. Banks had been successful in
locating the insects, particularly T. fraterna. Dr. W. C. Brown
(personal communication) informed me that he was “unable to
find any material among the Tipulidae that is in any way marked

1 Department of Biology, California State Polytechnic College,
San Luis Obispo, California.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. lvi

as related to T. fraterna or that one might reasonably take as type
material of that species.” Since Dr. Alexander and Dr. Banks had
examined this material and could find no type which referred to
T. fraterna, I had to assume that the type of this species was indeed
lost.

In selecting the specimen to serve as the neotype, I used my con-
ception of the species and tried to follow as closely as possible that
Vvhich, in my opinion, Loew had in mind.

Due to the lack of specimens of T. fraterna from the type locality
at Washington, D. C., a specimen was chosen from among a lot
taken in Macon County, North Carolina. This was the region
closest to the type locality from which specimens were available
to me.

A description of the neotype specimen follows.

Measurements : Wing length, 16.50 mm. ; body length, 15.80 mm.

Head: Frontal prolongation of head obscure yellow, nasus long,
slender, dorsal surface sparsely pruinose ; palpi brown. Antennae,
if bent backward, extending slightly beyond base of abdomen ; basal
segment dark yellowish-brown, second segment concolorous, both
segments sparsely pruinose ; the first flagellar segment yellow with
base vaguely darker. Remainder of flagellar segments bicolorous,
nearly black at base with distal portion of each segment yellow,
bicolorous condition becoming obscure at distal flagellar segments,
gradually becoming more infuscated and darker. Head dark gray
pruinose, vertex lighter ; head with dark median vitta extending
from vertex to occiput.

Thorax: Pronotum brown, mesonotal praescutum brownish-gray
with three brown stripes, all indistinctly bordered with darker
brown ; the median stripe with a dark brown median vitta which
becomes obscure before the suture ; scutum brownish-gray prui-

Neotype of T. fraterna. Left: lobe of ninth tergite. Right: outer
dististyle.

April i96i Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

nose ; scutellum paler yellowish-brown pruinose. Pleura light gray
pruinose, slightly darker at propleura, sternopleurite, anterior
anepisternum, and episternum. Halteres pale brown with knobs
darker. Legs with coxae yellow, faintly black at posterior base;
femora brownish-yellow, darkening slightly at distal tips ; tibiae
darker brownish-yellow ; remainder of leg segments becoming
darker with terminal segments of tarsi brownish-black. The entire
apex of the wing dark brown; the inner end of the stigma yellow,
the distal end dark brown ; cell M paler ; a narrow but conspicuous
whitish band transversing wing at or a little before the cord, extend-
ing from the stigmal area into cells M3 and M4 and the inner end
of cell 1st M2. Veins dark brown except in area of the whitish
band. Basal section of vein R2 about one-half the length of cell
1st M2, the latter relatively long and narrow; petiole of cell Mi
about one-third the length of cell M4.

Abdomen: Abdominal tergites pale yellowish brown with broad
dark brown sublateral stripes, lateral margins paler ; the sublateral
stripes vague at the second abdominal segment, darker in first and
other segments. Sternites pale yellow-brown anteriorly, becoming
dark brown at terminal segments. Hypopygium with caudal mar-
gin of ninth tergite bearing a conspicuous, strongly depressed and
slightly triangular median lobe, the tip of the lobe bluntly rounded,
the sides narrowing to an angle of thirty-nine degrees. The outer
dististyle compressed, with vague apico-cephalic and apico-caudal
lobes; setae slightly tufted in appearance at apico-caudal edge (see
fig.). Ninth sternite with a deep V-shaped notch, the margins
fringed with conspicuous elongate setae.

Neotype: Male; Macon County, North Carolina, at Highlands,
altitude 3,800 feet, June 11, 1934 (J. S. Rogers, coll. no. 50) (slide
no. 684, Hynes). The neotype will be retained in the University
of Florida Insect Collection, Gainesville, Florida.

Topotypes : Five males; Macon County, North Carolina, at
Highlands, June 11, 1934 (J. S. Rogers, coll. no. 50) (slide no.
6660, J. S. R.). Six males; Macon County, North Carolina, at
Highlands, 3,800 feet, June 12, 1934 (J. S. Rogers, coll. no. 58)
(slide nos. 6658, 6659, J. S. R.). Topotypes will be deposited in
the University of Florida Insect Collection.

Literature Cited

Alexander, C. P. 1915. New or little-known crane-flies from
the United States and Canada: Tipulidae, Diptera. Part 2.
Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1915: 458-514.

Loew, H. 1864. Diptera Americae septemtrionalis indigena.
Centuria quinta. Berlin. Ent. Zeitschr. 8: 49-104.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. lvi

OBSERVATIONS ON THE IMMATURE STAGES OF
PROTODICTYA HONDU RAN A (DIPTERA:
SCIOMYZIDAE)1

By S. E. Neff2 and C. O. Berg3

Although the reference literature is confused concerning the
food habits of sciomyzid larvae (cf. Sack, 1938; Bertrand, 1954;
and others), studies initiated several years ago by Berg seem to
warrant the conclusion that larvae of this family feed exclusively
on the soft parts of gastropod mollusks. Berg (1953) reported the
feeding activities of larvae of six species and suggested that the
family may be “integrated biologically by the common food prefer-
ences of their larvae.” Subsequent investigations have not only
supported this hypothesis, but have disclosed interesting differ-
ences in the associations of various larvae with their snail prey.

Larvae belonging to the genera Sepedon and Dictya characterize
the aquatic, predatory Tetanocerinae, which kill their prey quickly,
operate with efficiency in water as well as on land, and commonly
kill more than a dozen snails during the growth of each larva
(Berg, et al., 1955). At the other extreme, terrestrial, parasitoid
larvae of some Sciomyzinae may feed on a snail for 7 or 8 days
before killing it and confine all of their feeding to the one snail
(Foote, 1959). Other species have intermediate and less fixed
habits. The larvae of Atrichomelina pub era, for instance, resort to
predatory, parasitoid, or even saprophagous feeding, depending on
the food available and on the intensity of intraspecific competition
(Foote, et al., 1960).

Most of the publications on Sciomyzidae that present detailed
biological notes and diagnostic figures and descriptions of im-
mature stages concern species of Sciomyzinae. Protodictya hon-
durana Steyskal is a member of the Tetanocerinae, and the imma-
ture stages obtained in laboratory rearings present morphological
and behavioral differences from those of the Sciomyzinae. Since
both the larvae and the puparia of this species have evident aquatic
adaptations, it might be expected to display larval feeding habits

1 This investigation was supported by a research grant (E-743)
from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases,
U. S. Public Health Service.

2 Present address : Dept, of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic In-
stitute, Blacksburg, Virginia.

3 Department of Entomology and Limnology, Cornell Uni-
versity, Ithaca, N. Y.

April 1961 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

4 7

essentially the same as those of Dictya and Sepedon. However,
P. hondurana differs from these typical aquatic predators in this
and in other respects.

The genus Protodictya was erected by Malloch (1933) and was
based upon specimens from several localities in Chile. It can be
distinguished from other members of the Tetanocerinae by the
combination of a white, densely pubescent arista, a triangular
third antennal segment, and a black spot in the middle of the face,
as in Dictya. Steyskal (1950) enumerated 6 species referable to
this Neotropical genus from Mexico and from Central and South
America. He described P. hondurana in this paper, based upon
three specimens collected at Pt. Cortes, Honduras ; St. Engracia,
Tamaulipas, Mexico ; and Granada, Nicaragua. These three lo-
cality records appear to be the only ones published for this spe-
cies, but two more are added in the present paper.

With their long, porrect antennae and frog-like posture, Pro-
todictya adults bear so much resemblance to those of Sepedon that
two species now included in the genus were originally described
in Sepedon (Schiner, 1868, van der Wulp, 1897). However, all
species of Protodictya differ from Sepedon in bearing the promi-
nent, median, black spot on the face, four scutellar bristles, and
dark, metallic spots at the bases of the thoracic hairs.

Laboratory rearings of P. hondurana were initiated with feral
adults collected 2.1 kilometers east of Barberena, Santa Rosa,
Guatemala (elevation 1341 meters), and 9.2 kilometers east of
San Lorenzo, Valle, Honduras (elevation 60 meters). These col-
lections were made on July 22 and July 30, 1958, respectively.
Both of the collection sites were open, wet meadows that were in
use as pasture. Adults were captured by sweeping the various
grasses and sedges in the moist depressions of these areas. They
were transported to the laboratory at Ithaca, New York, for ob-
servation and rearing of the immature stages.

Eight-ounce, wide-mouth, glass jars in which the flies were
confined for mating and oviposition were prepared in advance to
supply certain physiological requirements. The bottom of each
jar was covered with a layer of living moss about one-half inch
deep. Moistened every day, this moss provided water for drinking
and maintained high humidities comparable with those in natural
habitats. One or two sections of Typha leaf standing almost verti-
cally on the moss provided natural resting surfaces and sites for
oviposition. A small pellet of food, a mixture of brewers’ yeast
and honey with a pinch of calcium proprionate added to inhibit
mold, was pressed against the inside shoulder of each jar. (No

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. lvi

attempt was made to provide a carefully balanced, chemically de-
fined diet, and the proportions used were determined solely by the
criterion of proper consistency. It had to be sticky enough to ad-
here to the glass, yet dry enough to remain in place for days with-
out liquefying and running down into the moss.) Two or three
living snails of different species were placed on the moss, because
the presence of snails may stimulate ovipostion. After the flies
were admitted, each jar was covered by a piece of double-thickness
cheesecloth, secured in place by one or two rubber bands.

Adults maintained in these breeding jars mated readily, assuming
mating postures similar to those of certain other species of Sciomy-
zidae. The male stood over the female and grasped her antennae
with his fore tarsal claws. His middle legs were extended laterally.
His body, and his flexed hind legs resting on the female’s abdomen,
held her wings spread.

Female flies laid numerous eggs on the sides of jars and on the
Typha leaves. They were usually arranged in vertical rows, lying
end to end rather than side by side as in most species of Dictya
and Sepedon. The eggs were transferred to one-ounce, wide-
mouth, stoppered, glass jars, supplied with a layer of moist sand
% tof/4 inch deep, for hatching and rearing of the larvae. With
the laboratory temperature varying between 20 and 28 degrees
Centigrade, hatching occurred in 3^4 to 5 days.

The newly hatched larvae attacked and killed small individuals
(2-6 mm. in diameter) of Helisoma trivolvis (Say) and Biom-
phalaria ( = Australorbis) glabratus (Say). Their attacks were
swift, and the snails bled profusely soon after the larvae entered
their shells. Except for the forthright, decisive attacks, however,
their feeding behavior is very different from that of other aquatic
tetanocerine larvae which resemble them morphologically. After
feeding to repletion, larvae of P. hondurana remained within the
shells of the snails they had killed until they again became hungry,
when they fed again on the same snails. They seemed reluctant
to leave the shells even when the snail tissues reached advanced
stages of decay. In fact, they usually did not leave until all of the
malodorous, liquefied material was consumed.

In their tendency to remain within snail shells even when not
feeding, their tolerance of putrescent conditions, and their willing-
ness to feed on decayed snails, these larvae differ from all other
known tetanocerine larvae and especially from the aquatic species
in closely related genera. The known larvae of Sepedon and
Dictya, for instance, leave their victims as soon as their immediate
hunger is satisfied, show considerably more inclination to kill new

April 1961 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

snails than to return to any that have been dead for several hours,
and even die (in closed rearing jars) if the dead snails are not
removed every day. The more parasitoid, terrestrial, first instar
larvae of certain species of Tetanocera and Hoplodictya rest within
shells of their hosts between feedings, but they feed in such a way
that the snails remain alive until after the first larval molt. When
the snails finally die, these larvae are somewhat tolerant of putres-
cent conditions, but not nearly as tolerant as P. hondurana larvae.
Among the Sciomyzinae, where parasitoid feeding commonly
changes to saprophagous feeding after death of the host snail, feed-
ing behavior similar to that of P. hondurana is found especially in
the larvae of Atrichomelina pubera (Foote, et al., 1960).

Tolerance of putrescent food and the habit of remaining in shells
that contain it may be primitive conditions, as was suggested con-
cerning A. pubera (Berg, et al., 1959). Alternatively, this way of
life may result from secondary specializations, two possible ad-
vantages of which are apparent. A tolerance for putrescent food,
enabling larvae of this species to utilize each snail more completely,
would have survival value if the food supply ever is limited. If the
breeding sites are often dried completely by sun and wind, the habit
of remaining for days in the moisture within a snail shell may be
instrumental in avoiding death from desiccation.

Laboratory observations made on these larvae suggest that their
float hairs and other “aquatic” adaptations may not be used pri-
marily to fit them for life in aquatic habitats at all. Although this
clearly is the principal use of similar adaptations in larvae of
Sepedon , Dictya , and most other tetanocerine genera, larvae of
P. hondurana apparently use them primarily to avoid complete
immersion and asphyxiation in decayed and liquefied snail tissues.
In other dipterous families, many larvae that do not live in aquatic
habitats have float hairs, and the explanation commonly accepted
for this phenomenon is that they must remain afloat in the liquid
substance that functions both as their food and as the medium in
which they live.

If the first snails killed by newly hatched larvae were relatively
large (7-10 mm. in diameter), the larvae usually remained in these
shells until after their first molt. Some of the cast exuviae were
found in the shells, and second instar larvae were observed con-
tinuing their feeding activity. Because many exuviae were im-
mersed in liquefied snail flesh and could not be found, it was often
difficult to determine the duration of larval stadia.

As with most cyclorrhaphous Diptera, three larval instars and
three stadia were observed. Durations of larval stadia were ascer-

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society VoL LVI

tained in eight instances and were as follows : first, 2-5 days ; sec-
ond, 3-6 days; third, 9-13 days. Duration of the larval stadia
seemed to be influenced by the size of snails offered the larvae. If
a third instar larva was given a fairly large (10-14 mm. diameter)
H. trivolvis, the larva obtained sufficient food to complete its de-
velopment and matured directly and rapidly. But if the food snail
was smaller, the larva presumably remained in the empty shell 4
or 5 days after consuming all edible material, apparently not feeding
and developing more slowly. Multiple infestations in the rearing
jars also apparently deprived larvae of sufficient food and prolonged
their stadia.

Mature larvae left their snails and crawled about in the jar for
twenty-four to thirty-six hours before burrowing into the sand and
forming puparia. Pupation time in the laboratory was 10-12 days.

The time elapsed between emergence of five laboratory-reared
female flies and appearance of their first eggs ranged from 6 to 14
days, averaging 9.2 days. Two females were observed mating
36-48 hours after they emerged.

The nutrition flies receive after reaching the adult stage appar-
ently is very important in determining the number of eggs laid.
Two females laid 141 and 151 eggs in the two weeks after their
first eggs were laid. In the two weeks following, their egg laying
declined to 57 and 43 eggs, respectively. Because the honey-yeast
food mixture may not have been supplying all the nutrients neces-

Explanation of Plate

Fig. 1, Posterior spiracular disc, third instar larva; DL — dorsal
lobe, DIL — dorsolateral lobe, FH — float hair, LL — lateral lobe,
SS — spiracular slit, ST — stigmatic tube, StS — stigmatic scar, VL
— ventral lobe, V1L — ventrolateral lobe. Fig. 2, Same, second
instar larva. Fig. 3, Same, first instar larva. Fig. 4, Anterior
spiracle, third instar larva. Fig. 5, Cephalopharyngeal skeleton,
first instar larva. Fig. 6, Same, second instar larva. Fig. 7,
Cephalopharyngeal skeleton, third instar larva ; AT — accessory
teeth, DC — dorsal cornua, ES — epistomal sclerite, HS — hypos-
tomal sclerite, LS — ligulate sclerite, MH — mouthhook, PS —
pharyngeal sclerite, SDA — salivary duct aperture, VA — ventral
arch, VC — ventral cornua. Fig. 8, Puparium, dorsal view. Fig. 9,
Accessory teeth, mouthhook of third instar larva. Fig. 10, Ventral
arch, third instar larva, ventral view with anterior margin on left.
Fig. 11, Puparium, lateral view. Fig. 12, Egg, dorsal view, micro-
pylar end to the right.

April 1961 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Neff and Berg

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LVI

sary for full egg production, crushed snails were added to the breed-
ing* jars as suggested by Chock (personal communication). During
the following ten days, these flies laid 119 and 126 eggs, respectively.

The complete life cycle ranged from 33^4 to 55 days in the labora-
tory. This suggests that under continuously favorable conditions
P. hondurana could produce six to ten generations per year. A
female fly oviposits over a long period of time (the period appar-
ently being determined by adult nutrition), and one may still be
laying viable eggs after her oldest daughters have started to ovi-
posit. Thus the generations would be expected to spread in time
and to overlap each other, becoming unrecognizable in nature.

First-generation adults lived from 32 to 177 days under labora-
tory conditions (32-177 for five females, 62-157 for eight males).

Description of Immature Stages

Egg : (Fig. 12). White. Length 1.08-1.13 mm. (x = 1.10
mm.) ; width 0.30-0.36 mm. (x = 0.32 mm.). Twelve to sixteen
low, longitudinal ridges visible dorsally ; crest of each ridge undu-
lating, giving ridge appearance of being interrupted ; ridges anas-
tomosing at each end of egg. Ventral and lateral surfaces with
low, longitudinal ridges, as dorsal surface. Micropyle at wide,
bluntly rounded end of egg, shielded dorsally by single, rounded
tubercle covered by minute punctations. End opposite micropyle
terminating in narrower, hemispherical to conical tubercle also
bearing minute punctations. (Based on 13 specimens.)

First instar larva: White, integument transparent. Length 1.5-
3.9 mm. (x = 2.4 mm.) ; width 0.2-0. 7 mm. (x = 0.37 mm.). Re-
sembling third instar larva in general body shape and distribution
of hair patches and body tubercles. Sensory papillae and plates
on segment 1 as in third instar. No anterior spiracles. Cephalo-
pharyngeal skeleton (Fig. 5), length 0.26-0.33 mm. (x = 0.30
mm.) ; with paired mouthhooks, each mouthhook bifid anteriorly,
articulating with ventral arch below and fused hypostomal-pharyn-
geal sclerite behind. Posterior spiracular disc (Fig. 3) with 3 pairs
of prominent lobes ; ventral pair only slightly longer than wide,
rounded apically ; ventro-lateral pair with broad basal portion,
elongate apical portion more than twice as long as wide arising
dorsally ; lateral lobes evident as short, conical protuberances on
each side. Two spiracular plates in middle of disc, each plate with
B-shaped spiracular opening and 4 palmately-branched float hairs.
Anal proleg a prominent transverse lobe on anterior margin of
anal plate, bearing 4-5 rows of dark, decurved hooks on posterior
surface. (Based on 14 specimens.)

April 1961 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Second instar larva: Light brown, integument transparent.
Length 3.4-7.0 mm. (x = 4 .7 mm.); width 0.5-1.4 mm. (x = 0.8
mm.). Resembling third instar larva in general appearance and
distribution of sensory papillae and plates on segment 1, hair
patches, and body tubercles. Cephalopharyngeal skeleton (Fig. 6),
length 0.45-0.54 mm. (x = 0.49 mm.); with paired mouthhooks,
each bearing 3 or 4 decurved accessory teeth below hook ; ventral
margins of mouthhooks articulating with ventral arch below, pos-
terior margin articulating with fused hypostomal-pharyngeal scler-
ite behind. Ventral arch with 22-26 teeth on anterior margin,
posterior border emarginate (similar to Fig. 10). Ventral cornua
of fused hypostomal-pharyngeal sclerite with hyaline area or “win-
dow.” Anterior spiracles located posterolaterally on segment 2 ;
each spiracle bearing 5-6 rudimentary papillae on apical portion.
Posterior spiracular disc (Fig. 2) with 4 pairs of lobes on margin;
ventral pair about as long as wide, rounded apically; ventrolateral
pair with broad basal portion and lanceolate dorsal projection;
lateral lobes conical, pointed apically; dorsal pair low, dome-like
protuberances. Two spiracular plates, each bearing 3 elongate-
oval slits and 4 palmately-branched float hairs. Anal proleg a
prominent lobe on anterior margin of anal plate, bearing 4-5 rows
of decurved, hyaline hooks on posterior surface. (Based on 10
specimens.)

Third instar larva: Light brown, integument transparent.
Length 7.1-11.5 mm. (x = 9.5 mm.) ; width 1.3— 2.5 mm. (x = 1.8
mm.). Segment 1 bilobed anteriorly, each lobe bearing two-seg-
mented sensory papilla and circular sensory plate; labral papilla
on each side of mouth opening ; no labral rami on oral lobes ; post-
oral spine band posteroventrally, extending half-way up each side.
Cephalopharyngeal skeleton (Fig. 7), length 0.65-0.81 mm. (x =
0.74 mm.) ; with paired mouthhooks, each with 3 or 4 slightly
decurved accessory teeth beneath hook portion (Fig. 9). Ventral
arch (Fig. 10) articulating with ventral margins of mouthhooks,
bearing 22-28 teeth on anterior margin ; posterior border irregular,
emarginate. Hypostomal sclerite (HS) articulating with posterior
margins of mouthhooks, in ventral view, appearing as an inverted
“A”; epistomal sclerite (ES) extending over it dorsally; ligulate
sclerite (LS) lying below anterior rami. Pharyngeal sclerite (PS)
with dorsally-radiating pigment lines; ventral cornua (VC) with
small hyaline area of “window” basally on dorsal margin. Seg-
ment 2 bearing pair of anterior spiracles, each spiracle (Fig. 4)
with 5-7 papillae distally ; middle third of spiracle slightly inflated.
Segments 5-10 each with 2 pairs of hair patches dorsally and

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society VoL LVI

dorsolaterally, each hair patch bearing 3-5 fine bristles ; lateral
tubercle group with 3 contiguous tubercles, middle one slightly
anterior to upper and lower tubercle, each tubercle bearing 1 or 2
fine hairs ; ventral transverse tubercle group of 4 tubercles, with
2 wide-set tubercles and transverse welt anterior to 4 tubercles,
secondary integumentary folds prominent ventrally and laterally.
Segment 11 without hair patches dorsally. Posterior spiracular
disc (Fig. 1) with 2 pairs of prominent lobes; ventral pair (VL)
conical, about one and one-half times as long as wide ; ventrolateral
pair (VIL) with broad basal portion and elongate finger-like proc-
ess dorsally; lateral lobes (LL) blunt, conical protuberances;
dorsolateral (DIL) and dorsal lobes (DL) low, inconspicuous pro-
tuberances. Two spiracular plates in central area of disc slightly
elevated from disc surface on low stigmatic tubes ( ST ) ; each plate
with three elongate slits (SS) ; middle slit straight; upper and
lower slits angulate to arcuate. Four palmately-branched float hairs
(FH) alternating with spiracular slits. Anal proleg a prominent
rounded protuberance on anterior margin of anal plate, bearing 4—6
rows of decurved, hyaline hooks on its posterior surface. (Based
on 13 specimens.)

Puparium : (Figs. 8, 11). Dark reddish brown, opaque. Length
4.S-6.3 mm. (x = 5.5 mm.) ; width 1.8-2. 5 mm. (x = 2.2 mm.).
Cylindrical, with ends tapering and posterior end upturned to form
angle of 100-120° with longitudinal body axis. Cephalic caps pro-
jecting anteriorly; anterior spiracles conspicuous, thrust laterally
at anterolateral border of dorsal cephalic cap. Hair patches not
evident dorsally nor dorsolaterally ; tubercle groups appearing as
shagreen areas laterally and ventrally. Posterior end bearing
spiracular plates apically on widely diverging stigmatic tubes.
Lobes of spiracular disc shrunken, inconspicuous. Anal plate on
posterior side of upturned portion; anal proleg retracted, incon-
spicuous. (Based on 15 specimens.)

Discussion: Protodictya hondurana larvae possess all the general
features of larvae belonging to the Tetanocerinae , as outlined by
Foote, el al. (1960). As with all sciomyzid larvae, P. hondurana
has a ventral arch, an unpaired sclerite in close association with
the ventral border of each mouthhook. The larvae of this species
can be recognized by the emarginate condition of the posterior
border of the ventral arch ; the four, prominent, accessory teeth on
each mouthhook ; and, in the third instar, the angulate or arcuate
condition of the upper and lower spiracular slits on each spiracular
plate.

It should be emphasized that the second instar larva also has

April 1961 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

three slits on each posterior spiracular plate, but that in this instar
the upper and lower slits are straight. The first point deserves
particular attention because of wide acceptance of the generaliza-
tion that the number of openings on each spiracular plate provides
a quick, reliable way of identifying the larval instar in all cyclor-
rhaphous Diptera. Larvae of Atrichomelina pubera (Sciomyzinae)
uphold this generalization, having one (more or less double) open-
ing on each plate in first instar, two slits in second instar, and three
in third instar (Foote, et al., 1960). However, all tetanocerine
larvae that we have studied have three slits on each plate in second
instar as well as in third.

The puparium of P. hondurana, although probably occurring
more commonly in the soil than in water, has the upturned pos-
terior end and overall shape characteristic of the floating puparia of
aquatic Tetanocerinae. It can be distinguished from all other
known puparia in this group by the long, diverging stigmatic tubes
resulting in widely spaced spiracular plates at their ends.

Literature Cited

Berg, C. O. 1953. Sciomyzid larvae (Diptera) that feed on
snails. J. Parasit. 29(6) : 630-636.

Berg, C. O., B. A. Foote, and S. E. Neff. 1959. Evolution of
predator-prey relationships in snail-killing sciomyzid
larvae (Diptera). Amer. Mai. Union Bui. 25: 10-11.

Berg, C. O., E. J. Karlin, and J. S. Mackiewicz. 1955. Fly
larvae that kill snails. Amer. Mai. Union Bui. 22 :9-10.
Bertrand, H. 1954. in Lechevalier, Encyclopedic Entomolo-
gique. 31. Les Insects Aquatiques d’ Europe, Vol. 2.
Paris: 1’ Imprimerie Jouvre. 547 pp., 492 figs.

Foote, B. A. 1959. Biology and life history of the snail-kill-
ing flies belonging to the genus Sciomyza Fallen (Diptera,
Sciomyzidae) . Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 52(1) : 31-43.
Foote, B. A., S. E. Neff and C. O. Berg. 1960. Biology and
immature stages of Atrichomelina pubera (Diptera : Sciomy-
zidae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 53(2) : 192-199.

Malloch, J. R. 1933. Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile.

Part 6, Fasc. 4 London: British Museum, pp. 171-391.
Sack, P. 1938. in Lindner, Die Fliegen der palaearktischen
Region. 37. Sciomyzidae. Stuttgart : E. Schweizerbart.
87 pp., 23 figs., 1 pi.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LVI

Schiner, J. R. 1868. Reise Novara. Zool Theil. Diptera.

Wien : Karl Gerhold’s Sohn vi + 388 pp., 4 pis.

Steyskal, G. C. 1950. The genus Protodictya Malloch. Proc.
Ent. Soc. Wash. 52(1) : 33-39.

Wulp, F. van der. 1897. (Sciomyzinae, pp. 354—360) in Bio-
logia Centrali- Americana. Diptera, vol. 2. London: R. H.
Porter, x + 489 pp., 13 pis.

TORRE-BUENO’S GLOSSARY OF
ENTOMOLOGY— SUPPLEMENT A

Monographs from Entomologica Americana

The American Patrobini, Darlington. 48 pp. 1938 $ 1.00

Taxonomic Studies in Cantharis (Coleoptera), Green. 59

pp., 3 plates. 1940 $1.00

A Synopsis of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera of America
North of Mexico — Part II. Coreidae, Alydidae, Cor-
izidae, Neididae, Pyrrhocoridae and Thaumastothe-
riidae, Torre-Bueno. 81 pp. 1941 $ 6.00

A Monograph of the Melophaginae, or Ked-Flies of
Sheep, Goats, Deer and Antelope, Bequaert. cloth
bound, 210 pp., 18 figs. 1942 $ 5.00

Selection of Colored Lights by Night-Flying Insects,

Milne and Milne. 65 pp. 1944 $ 3.00

A Revision of the North American Species of the Genus

Carabus, Van Dyke. 50 pp., 24 figs. 1944 $ 3.00

The Larvae of the Harpalinae Unisetosae, Chu. 71 pp., 92

figs. 1945 $1.00

Notes and Keys on the Genus Brochymena, Ruckes. 95

pp., 41 figs. 1946 .....$ 3.00

Female Genitalia of Culicidae, with Particular Reference

to Characters of Generic Value, Coher. 38 pp. 1948 . .$ 4.00

The Scutate Ticks, or Ixodidae, of Indonesia, Anastos.

144 pp., 28 figures. 1950. $ 5.00

The Tingoidea of New England and their Biology,

Bailey, 140 pp., 6 figs. 1951. $ 5.00

The Hippoboscidae or Louse-Flies of Mammals and
Birds, Part I. Structure, Physiology and Natural

History, Bequaert, 442 pp., 21 figs., 1952-53. $10.00

Part II. Taxonomy, Evolution and Revision
of American Genera and Species. 611 pp., 83 figs.
1954-56 $15.00

All orders for all publications MUST be sent DIRECT to Brook-
lyn Entomologicial Society, R. R. McElvare, Treasurer, P. O. Box
386, Southern Pines, North Carolina.

BUSINESS PRESS INC., Lancaster, Pa.

The Brooklyn Entomological Society

Meetings are held on the second Wednesday of each month from October to
May, inclusive, at the Engineers’ Club, 117 Remsen Street, Brooklyn 2,
N. Y. The annual dues are $2.00.

OFFICERS 1960-61

Honorary President
R. R. McELVARE
President

HARRY BEATROS

Vice President
CASIMIR REDJIVES

Secretary

ANNA FLAHERTY

T reasurer

R. R. McELVARE
P. O. Box 386
Southern Pines
North Carolina

CONTENTS

THE SPECIES OF PARACAPNIA (PLECOPTERA),
Hanson 25

MODIFICATION OF NEW JERSEY LIGHT TRAP,

Edmunds 31

MEXICAN AND CENTRAL AMERICAN ELAPHIDI-
ONINE CERAMB Y CIDAE (COLEOPTERA),
Linsley 32

DESIGNATION AND DESCRIPTION OF NEOTYPE
OF TIPULA FRATERNA (TIPULIDAE) : DIP-
TERA), Hynes 43

IMMATURE STAGES OF PROTODICTYA HONDU-
RANA (DIPTERA: SCIOMYZIDAE), Neff and Berg 46

TORRE-BUENO’S GLOSSARY SUPPLEMENT, Tulloch 56

Bulletin o£ the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Published in

February, April, June, October and December of each year

Subscription price, domestic, $4.00 per year; foreign, $4.25 in advance; single
copies, 85 cents. Advertising rates on application. Short articles, notes and
observations of interest to entomologists are solicited. Address subscriptions to
the Treasurer, manuscripts and other communications to the editor, JOHN F.
HANSON, Fernald Hall, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass.

Vol. LVI

JUNE, 1961

No. 3

BULLETIN

OF THE

Brooklyn Entomological
Society

NEW SERIES

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE

JOHN F. HANSON

GEORGE S. TULLOCH JAMES A. SLATER

Published for the Society by
Business Press, Inc.

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Mailed September 15, 1961

Entered as second-class matter January 21, 1919, at the post office at
Lancaster, Pa. under the Act of March 3, 1879

3lf . IBS*.

The Brooklyn Entomological Society

Meetings are held on the second Wednesday of each month from October to
May, inclusive, at the Engineers’ Club, 117 Remsen Street, Brooklyn 2,
N. Y. The annual dues are $2.00.

OFFICERS 1960-61
Honorary President
R. R. McELVARE
President

HARRY BEATROS

Vice President
CASIMIR REDJIVES

Secretary

ANNA FLAHERTY

T reasurer

R. R. McELVARE
P. O. Box 386
Southern Pines
North Carolina

CONTENTS

A NEW OPIUS AND TWO NEW MICROCTONUS
(HYMENOP.: BRACONIDAE), Muesebeck 57

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED 61

PREY RECORDS OF SOLITARY WASPS. IV. (HY-
MENOP.: ACULEATA), Krombein 62

TORRE-BUENO’S GLOSSARY SUPPLEMENT,

T ulloch 65

A REVIEW AND NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS
WALSHIA (LEPIDOP.: GELECHIOIDEA) , Hodges 66

INSECTS FROM TUNNELS OF XYLOCOPA VIR-
GINICA, Balduf 81

PLECOPTERA OF N. AMERICA: IX. CAPNIA MANI-
TOBA IN THE NORTHEAST, Hanson and Hitchcock 85

EXCHANGES AND FOR SALE 88

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Published in

February, April, June, October and December of each year

Subscription price, domestic, $4.00 per year; foreign, $4.25 in advance; single
copies, 85 cents. Advertising rates on application. Short articles, notes and
observations of interest to entomologists are solicited. Address subscriptions to
the Treasurer, manuscripts and other communications to the editor, JOHN F.
HANSON, Fernald Hall, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass.

BULLETIN

OF THE

BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Vol. LVI JUNE, 1961 No. 3

A NEW OPIUS AND TWO NEW SPECIES OF
MICROCTONUS (HYMENOPTERA : BRACONIDAE)

By C. F. W. Muesebeck1

Recently a new species of Opius and two new species of Microc-
tonus were received for identification. The Opius had been reared
from larvae of the walnut husk fly, and the two Microctonus from
adults of two different weevils. Since names are desired for use
in biological studies the three species are described here.

Opius juglandis, n. sp.

This form falls in the ferrugineus Gahan complex, which I dis-
cussed in 1956 (Ent. News 67: 99-102). From all three species
treated there it differs in having the propodeum smooth and pol-
ished basally, in its relatively shorter second abscissa of radius, in
the unusually weak occipital carina, and in the longer clypeus and
correspondingly narrower opening between clypeus and mandibles.
From muliebris Mues. it differs further in having a greater num-
ber of antennal segments and a longer ovipositor ; from ferrugineus
Gahan in its longer ovipositor, and from alloeus Mues. in having
the dorsal keels of the first tergite very weak or indistinct on the
apical third.

Female. — Length about 3.8 mm. Head about as broad as thorax ;
face twice as broad as long and with a few scattered punctures;
clypeus flattened, its apical margin slightly, broadly rounded, not
emarginate as in the other three species mentioned above ; opening
between clypeus and mandibles very narrow ; malar space a little
shorter than basal width of mandible ; temples convex, not receding ;
antennae of the specimens examined 39- to 43-segmented.

Mesoscutum smooth and polished, with a median dimple-like

1 U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society VoL LVI

impression before posterior margin and deep notauli anteriorly
setting off a prominent median lobe. Propodeum weakly rugulose,
and with a large, transverse, smooth and polished area at base each
side of a very short median longitudinal keel. Mesopleuron smooth
and with a broad longitudinal impression below that is weakly
foveolate. Metapleuron largely smooth and shining but some-
what roughened posteriorly. Second abscissa of radius not longer
than first intercubitus and not more than one-third as long as third
abscissa of radius. Recurrent vein entering second cubital cell.
Postnervellus distinct, straight, nearly parallel with nervellus.

Abdomen in widest part a little narrower than thorax. First
tergite longer than broad on caudal margin, longitudinally striate,
and the two dorsal keels well developed basally but becoming ob-
solescent beyond middle ; remainder of abdomen smooth and shin-
ing, except occasionally the second tergite with a few weak and
short striae medially at base. Ovipositor sheath fully as long as
the body.

Honey yellow. Tips of mandibles and the stemmaticum black.
Antenna blackish except for scape below. Fore and middle tibiae
a little dusky; hind tibiae blackish except narrowly at their bases;
fore and middle tarsi each with the apical segment black. Wings
hyaline, stigma and veins dark.

Male. — In all significant respects like the female, except that in
the only specimen I have seen in which they are complete the
antennae are 47-segmented.

Type-locality. — Portal, Arizona.

Type. — U. S. National Museum No. 65523.

Described from 19 females (one, the holotype) and 1 male reared
from Rhagoletis juglandis (Cress.) July 26, 1960, by S. E. Fland-
ers. The National Museum has 14 additional specimens reared
by Dr. Flanders from the same host, at the type locality, in 1959.
These are not included in the type series, however, since they are
not in very good condition.

Microctonus pachylobii, n. sp.

This is most similar to M. vittatus Mues., but it may be dis-
tinguished immediately by its unusually large eyes, longer radial
cell and extraordinarily short female antennae.

Female. — Length about 2 mm. Head much broader than thorax.
Eye very large, its transverse diameter greater than width of face
and more than twice width of temple. Malar space less than half
as long as basal width of mandible. Face smooth or only very
weakly shagreened. Antenna about as long as head and thorax

Jivne, 1961

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 59

combined, 18-segmented in all specimens seen, first flagellar seg-
ment noticeably longer than second and a little narrowed basally,
flagellar segments 9 to 15 at least as broad as long. Occipital
carina complete or only very narrowly interrupted medially.

Notauli complete, foveolate. Middle lobe of mesoscutum with
scattered, large though shallow, punctures. Mesopleuron smooth
and shining medially, roughened above and below. Metapleuron
completely and strongly rugose reticulate. Propodeum rugulose,
its posterior face broadly and shallowly excavated. Radius arising
from middle of stigma ; radial cell on wing margin much more than
half as long as stigma. Nervellus a little longer than lower abscissa
of basella.

Abdomen a little narrower than thorax. First tergite about
twice as long as broad on caudal margin, carinately margined at
the sides both before and behind spiracles, which are at about the
middle of the tergite. Postpetiole finely longitudinally aciculate ;
remainder of abdomen smooth. Ovipositor sheath about as long
as hind tibia.

Honey yellow. Antennae dark beyond first flagellar segment.
Stemmaticum black. Thorax sometimes with indefinite dusky
shading. Wings hyaline, stigma and veins yellowish.

Male.- — Like the female except for somewhat smaller eyes, and
much longer antennae which are usually 24-segmented and have all
the flagellar segments much longer than broad. Vertex, occiput
and dorsum of thorax more or less piceous.

T yp e-locality. — Olla, Louisiana.

Type s— U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 65524.

Described from 22 females (one type) and 8 males reared from
adults of the weevil Pachylobius picivorus (Germar) May 20 to
June 8, 1957, under Hopkins U. S. Nos. 36237 and 36245.

Microctonus invictus, n. sp.

This species runs to couplet 4 in my published key to the
Nearctic species of this genus (1936, U. S. Dept. Agric. Misc. Pub.
241:15). It differs from mellinus (Prov.) in having the lateral
lobes of the mesoscutum largely glabrous and the radial cell hardly
half as long as the stigma; and from eleodis (Vier.) it is dis-
tinguished by its larger size, longer antennae, much larger eyes
and narrower face and temples.

Female. — Length about 4 mm. Head wider than thorax; eye
very large, wider than face and more than twice as wide as temple,
which recedes strongly from eye. Malar space less than half as
long as basal width of mandible. Face smooth and shining.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LVI

Ocellocular line less than twice diameter of an ocellus. Antennae
as long as the body, very slender, 27-segmented in the two known
females, all segments at least twice as long as thick. Occipital
carina strong, very narrowly interrupted medially.

Thorax shining, sparsely hairy. Notauli well impressed, foveo-
late, meeting at posterior margin of mesoscutum ; a triangular
rugulose area before juction of notauli. Surface of mesoscutum

Fig., 1, Microctonus invictus, n. sp., stigma and radial cell. Fig.
2, Microctonus pachylohii, n. sp., part of forewing. Fig. 3, Opius
juglandis, n. sp., forewing.

June, i96i Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 61

not punctate, the lateral lobes largely glabrous. Side of prontoum
finely rugulose except above where it is smooth and polished.
Mesopleuron smooth, with a shallow impression below that is
irregularly punctate rugulose. Propodeum rugose reticulate, its
dorsal face strongly convex and its posterior face somewhat
hollowed out medially. Metapleuron completely closely rugulose.
Stigma large and emitting radius from slightly beyond its middle,
fully twice as long as radial cell measured on wing margin.
Nervellus much longer than lower abscissa of basella which is
much shorter than upper abscissa. Hind tibia very long, longer
than hind tarsus, its calcaria subequal and about one-fifth as long
as metatarsus.

Abdomen not as wide as thorax. First tergite more than twice
as long as wide on posterior margin. Spiracles a little behind the
middle. Petiole slender and nearly smooth, postpetiole longitudin-
ally striate ; remainder of abdomen smooth and polished. Oviposi-
tor sheath a little shorter than hind tibia.

Brownish yellow. Antennae brownish black except basally.
Wings hyaline, stigma brown, veins paler.

Male. — Essentially as in the female. Antennae 33-segmented
in the single known male with complete antennae. Mesopleural
impression a well defined furrow that is coarsely foveate.

Type-locality. — 13 miles N. E. Desert Center, Riverside Co.,
California.

Type. — U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 65525.

Described from two females (one type), from the type locality,
and one male from Kelso, San Bernardino Co., California, all
reared by E. R. Tinkham from adults of Trigonoscuta sp., the fe-
males on April 2, 1960, the male on April 30, 1960 ; and one male
collected at Yuma, Arizona, on March 30, 1940, by L. S. Hend-
erson.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED

Evolution above the Species Level, by Bernhard Rensch,
translated by Dr. Altevogt and edited by Dr. T. Dobzhansky,
419 pp., 113 figs. 1960. Number XIX of the Columbia Bio-
logical Series. Columbia University Press.

Principles of Animal Taxonomy, by G. G. Simpson, 247 pp.,
30 figs. 1961. Number XX of the Columbia Biological Series.
Columbia University Press.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LVl

MISCELLANEOUS PREY RECORDS OF SOLITARY
WASPS. IV.1 (HYMENOPTERA: ACULEATA)

By Karl V. Krombein2

The present contribution records some miscellaneous prey
records and other biological observations made on solitary pre-
daceous wasps of the families Pompilidae and Sphecidae at
Plummer’s Island, Md., and Lost River State Park, W. Va., during
1959 and 1960. The wasps and their prey have been placed in the
U. S. National Museum. I am indebted to H. E. Evans for identi-
fication of Aporinellus completus Bks. and to the following special-
ists for identification of the prey: A. B. Gurney (Tettigoniidae) ,
B. J. Kaston (Araneae), J. P. Kramer (Cicadellidae) , L. M.
Russell (Aphididae), and C. W. Sabrosky (Diptera).

Family Pompilidae
Priocnemis (P.) scitula relicta Banks

A female (8860A) 4.5 mm. long was discovered transporting
her paralyzed spider prey at 1130 on August 8, 1960, in Lost River
State Park. The wasp was walking backward over a shaded sec-
tion of one of the trails. She held the spider upright off the ground
by its hind coxae. Her prey was a half-grown jumping spider
(Salticidae) , Habrocestum pulex (Hentz), 3.5 mm. long. This
spider lives on stones and in leaf litter on the ground.

Calicurgus hyalinatus alienatus (Smith)

A female (6459 B) 6.7 mm. long was found carrying her
paralyzed spider prey near the cabin on Plummer’s Island at 1720
on June 4, 1959. The spider was a male orb weaver (Araneidae),
Wixia ectypa (Walck.), 5.1 mm. long.

Auplopus a. architectus (Say)

A female (82959 A) 8 mm. long was captured on Plummer’s
Island at 1400 on August 29, 1959. She was carrying her par-
alyzed spider prey, a juvenile clubionid, Clubiona sp., 6 mm. long.

1 Preceding numbers in this series were published as follows:
I. Bui. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 50: 13-17, 1955; II. Bui. Brooklyn
Ent. Soc. 51: 42-44, 1956; III. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 71:
21-26, 1958.

2 Entomology Research Division, Agricultural Research Serv-
ice, U. S. D. A., Washington, D. C.

June, 1961

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 63

The hind pair of legs of the spider had been amputated by the wasp.

Episyron q. quinquenotatus (Say)

I found a female (9160 A) 9 mm. long filling in her burrow on
Plummer’s Island at 1430 on September 1, 1960. The burrow
was in damp sand with a slope of 30° toward the Potomac River.
The burrow went in at an angle of 45° and ended in cell 50 mm.
below the surface. The cell contained a paralyzed male orb weaver
(Araneidae), Araneus cornutus Clerck, 10 mm. long. When I
removed the spider from the cell, the wasp egg was brushed off
and damaged.

Anoplius (Lophopompilus) Carolina (Banks)

I discovered a female (8260 A) 11 mm. long dragging her
paralyzed spider prey along a trail through open woods in Lost
River State Park at 1015 on August 2, 1960. The spider was
a female agelenid, Wadotes sp., in the penultimate instar, 13 mm.
long. During transport the wasp grasped the spider with her
mandibles by the hind coxae and walked backward holding her
prey in an upright position. I watched this wasp for nearly half
an hour as she carried the spider to her burrow. Twice she left
the spider on the bare ground while she reconnoitered the trail to
her burrow. On one of these occasions she apparently forgot
where she had left the spider and searched 10 minutes before find-
ing it. Eventually she dragged the spider to the burrow entrance,
which was several meters from where I first found her with her
prey. I captured her and the spider at this time and then dug up
her nest. The burrow began on a bare spot of earth beneath an
overhanging piece of moss. The burrow was about 12 mm. in
diameter and 40 mm. in length, and went downward at an angle
of 45°.

Aporinellus completus Banks

A female (8860 B) 5.5 mm. long was found just as she was
completing her nest in open sun along one of the trails in Lost River
State Park at 1345 on August 8, 1960. The wasp was compacting
the soil at the burrow entrance by patting it with the venter of her
abdomen. The paralyzed spider was in a small cell barely 3 mm.
below the ground level. It was a young jumping spider (Saltici-
dae), Phidippus clarus Keys., 5 mm. long. The wasp egg, 1.1
mm. long and 0.5 mm. wide, was attached to the spider’s abdomen.
It was crushed during transport back to the cabin and dislodged
from the spider.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. lvi

Family Sphecidae
Tachytes {Tacky plena) crassus Patton

A small population of this species nests in sand at the edge of the
Potomac River on Plummer’s Island. Apparently only a single
generation occurs annually and adults are on the wing during
the latter half of August. Both sexes visit flowers of swamp milk-
week for nectar. On August 21, 1960, at 1500 I caught a female
(82160 A) 16 mm. long on a leaf of milkweed with her paralyzed
katydid nymph (Tettigoniidae) , a species of Orchelimum, 17 mm.
long. On August 27 at 1600 I saw another female (82760 A) fly
to a branch of willow with a katydid. She stung her prey, adjusted
it beneath her, flew to another willow branch, and was then cap-
tured. This katydid also was a species of Orchelimum.

Trypoxylon (T.) pennsylvanicum Saussure

I netted a female (92360 A) 8 mm. long on Plummer’s Island
at 1400 on September 23, 1960. She was flying with a young
paralyzed orb weaver spider (Araneidae) 2.3 mm. long.

Mimesa ( M .) basirufa Packard

A small population of this species nests in the flat ground ad-
jacent to the cabin on Plummer’s Island. Only a single generation
occurs per year and adults are active during June. I netted one
female (6459 A) 7.4 mm. long as she hovered low over the ground
at 1400 on June 4, 1959. She was carrying a paralyzed leafhopper
nymph (Cicadellidae) 2.6 mm. long belonging to a species of
Idiocerus. The nymph had been paralyzed earlier by a dryinid
wasp and bore a small larva of that wasp protruding between two
of the abdominal terga. I caught another female (62160 A) at
1200 on June 21, 1960. She was crawling on the ground and
carried a paralyzed adult leafhopper, Macropsis viridis (Fitch),
5.2 mm. long. On that same date I dug up a burrow of another
female basirufa , which I did not capture. The burrow went down-
ward at a rather steep angle to a depth of 7.5 cm. and contained
several angulations. Probably the burrow was not complete, for
there was neither a terminal cell nor stored prey.

Stigmus (S.) americanus Packard

I found a nest (7359 A) of this small sphecid in the pith of a
dead twig of Chionanthus virginica L., the fringe tree, on July 3,
1959, on Plummer’s Island. Apparently this was an old beetle
boring that had been used earlier by the same or another species

June, 1(J61

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 65

of pemphredonine wasp, for there were some dried aphid remains
and six cocoon caps at the inner end of the boring. The boring
varied from 1.5 to 1.8 mm. in diameter. Beyond the old cells and
toward the entrance I found a number of paralyzed, tightly packed,
yellowish-green nymphal and adult aphids. Those preserved for
identification were a species of Therioaphis ; they ranged from 0.8
to 1.5 mm. in length. In a space of 10 mm. there were 30 aphids
and two wasp eggs. No partitions divided the prey into separate
cells. The egg was sausage-shaped, 0.9 mm. long and 0.3 mm.
wide, and attached lengthwise on the venter of thorax and abdomen
of the aphid. Two females of Stigmus americanus emerged from
the nest prior to August 1 1 , 1959.

Passaloecus annulatus (Say)

A female (92459 A) 5.5 mm. long was captured at 1215 on
September 24, 1959, as she hovered in front of her nest entrance
in a red cedar stump on Plummer’s Island. She was carrying a
winged adult aphid 2.2 mm. long, Neothomasia populicola (Thos.).

Ectemnius ( Hypocrahro ) continuus (Fabricius)

I caught a female (81160 A) 12.5 mm. long at 1415 on August
11, 1960, along one of the trails in Lost River State Park. She
was resting on a leaf and held a bulky, paralyzed tachinid fly,
Archytas aterrimus (R. D.), 9 mm. long.

TORRE-BUENO’S GLOSSARY OF
ENTOMOLOGY— SUPPLEMENT A

In anticipation of additional supplements or of a complete
revision of the Glossary, the Society invites entomologists
everywhere to submit new terms and definitions as well as
corrected, modified, modernized or additional definitions for
terms presently found in the Glossary or Supplement A, All
items should be sent to the Publication Committee in care of
George S. Tulloch, 22 East Garfield Street, Merrick, N. Y.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. lvi

A REVIEW OF THE GENUS WALSHIA CLEMENS
WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES
(LEPIDOPTERA: GELECHIOIDEA)

By Ronald W. Hodges1

W alshia was proposed by Clemens as a monobasic genus for
W . amorphella Clemens. Subsequently, Chambers described a sec-
ond species, miscecolorella, which was later treated as a synonym
of amorphella by Walsingham (1882, Trans. American Ent. Soc.
10: 197) and all subsequent authors. Study of the male and female
genitalia of specimens of the genus showed that there are five species
having similar wing pattern found north of Mexico. Also, Peri-
mede particornella is congeneric with W . amorphella.

W alshia Clemens

Type: W alshia amorphella Clemens, 1864. Monobasic.

W alshia Clemens, 1864, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia 2:418.
Riley, 1869, Rep. Ins. Missouri 2: 132.

Clemens, in Stainton, 1872, Tineina of North America, 249.
Chambers, 1878, Bui. U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv. Terr. 4: 110.

Riley, 1886, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 1 : 30.

Riley, in Smith, 1891, List of the Lepidoptera of Boreal America,

100.

Kearfott, in Smith, 1903, Check list of the Lepidoptera of Boreal
America, 118.

Dyar, 1902 [1903], Bui. U. S. Natl. Mus. 52: 544.

Busck, 1903, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 5: 216.

Holland, 1903, The moth book, 430.

Walsingham and Durrant, 1909, Ent. Mo. Mag. 45: 156.
Walsingham, 1909, Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Lepi-
doptera-Heterocera 4 : 14.

Busck, 1914, Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus. 47: 2.

Barnes and McDunnough, 1917, Check list of the Lepidoptera of
Boreal America, 152.

Forbes, 1923, Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Mem. 68: 324.
Forbes, in Leonard, 1928, Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Mem.
101:552.

Fletcher, 1929, Mem. Dept. Agric. India, Ent. Ser. 11: 235.
McDunnough, 1939, Mem. Southern California Acad. Sci. 2: 64.

1 Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New
York.

June , 1961

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 67

Labial palpi upturned slightly beyond vertex, smooth-scaled,
gradually tapering to apex. Antennae simple; pecten present or
absent. Ocelli present. Head smooth-scaled. Tongue well devel-
oped, scaled. Forewings lanceolate with patches of raised scales;
12 veins; 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa. Hindwings narrowly lanceo-
late ; 8 veins ; 2 sometimes poorly developed ; 7 to costa.

Male genitalia: Valvae symmetrical or asymmetrical, fused at
base, with setae on inner and outer surfaces, abundant in cucullar
area, and with a series of fractures setting off dorsal, cucullar, and
saccular areas. Uncus present, simple. Gnathos absent. Tegu-
men heavily sclerotized at juncture with vinculum, moderately
sclerotized dorsally. Vinculum heavily sclerotized, partially fused
with valvae. Aedeagus heavily sclerotized, ankylosed. Vesica
without cornuti.

Female genitalia: Genital plate lightly sclerotized. Ductus bursae
slender, lightly sclerotized. Bursa copulatrix lightly sclerotized.
Signum absent. A dorsal sclerotized band connecting apophyses
anteriores.

Key to the Species of Walshia based upon
the Male Genitalia

1. Valvae symmetrical 2

Valvae asymmetrical 5

2. Valvae sublinear (Fig. 7) miscecolorella

Valvae not linear, with well developed costal area (Fig. 6) . 3

3. Cucullar area sharply defined, constricted at base (Fig. 6) . 4

Cucullar area not well defined, no well marked lobes

(Fig. 9) particornella

4. Width of cucullar area two-thirds that of valva

(Fig. 6) amorphella

Width of cucular area one-third that valva

(Fig. 11) exemplata

5. Cucullar area of right valva slightly smaller than that

of left valva (Fig. 10) similis

Cucullar area of right valva greatly reduced (Fig. 8) . dispar

Key to the Species of Walshia based upon
the Female Genitalia

1. Ostium near posterior edge of genital plate

(Fig. 15) particornella

Ostium near or at anterior edge of genital plate (Fig, 12) . 2

2. Heavily sclerotized band anterior to ostium

(Fig. 14)

amorphella

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LVI

Ostium not preceded by a sclerotized band 3

3. Ductus bursae sclerotized before ostium

(Fig. 12) miscecolorella

Ductus bursae not sclerotized immediately before ostium

(Fig. 16) 4

4. Midventral gap in row of setae on ovipositor

(Fig. 16) similis

No gap, or a very small one, in row of setae on ovipositor
(Fig. 13) dispar

W alshia amorphella Clemens
(Figs. 3, 6, 14)

W alshia amorphella Clemens, 1864, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia
2: 419.

Riley, 1869, Rep. Ins. Missouri 2: 132.

Clemens, in Stainton, 1872, Tineina of North America, 241.
Chambers, 1878, Bui. U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv. Terr. 4: 110.
Walsingham, 1882, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 10: 197.

Riley, in Smith, 1891, List of the Lepidoptera of Boreal America,

100.

Kearfott, in Smith, 1903, Check list of the Lepidoptera of Boreal
America, 118.

Dyar, 1902 [1903], Bui. U. S. Natl. Mus. 52: 544.

Busck, 1903, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 5: 216.

Holland, 1903, The moth book, 430.

Walsingham and Durrant, 1909, Ent. Mo. Mag. 45: 156.
Walsingham, 1909, Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Lepi-
doptera-Heterocera 4 : 14.

Busck, 1914, Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus. 47 : 2.

Barnes and McDunnough, 1917, Check list of the Lepidoptera of
Boreal America, 152.

Forbes, 1923, Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Mem. 68: 325.
partim.

Fletcher, 1929, Mem. Dept. Agric. India, Ent. Ser. 11 : 235.
McDunnough, 1939, Mem. Southern California Acad. Sci. 2 : 64.
W alshia amorphaeella , Chambers, 1878, Bui. U. S. Geol. Surv.
Terr. 4: 166, misspelling.

Face and vertex dark brown ; face sometimes with lighter scales.
Maxillary palpi yellow-brown, apex darker. Labial palpi yellow-
brown on inner surface of second segment ; third segment darker
brown ; apex dark brown. Antennae with pecten present. Thorax
dark brown. Forewings burnished brown on a buff background;

June, 1961 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 69

dark brown for one-third of distance from base to apex; a broad
oblique brown-buff band at one third ; outer half darker than streak
but paler than basal area ; a dark patch of raised-scales at one-fifth
below costa, another at one-fourth between fold and dorsal margin ;
a large light patch of raised-scales at two-fifths from costa to fold ;
a small patch of raised-scales at one-half between fold and dorsal
margin ; six small dark patches of raised-scales, evenly distributed,
from tornus to apex ; four small dark patches of raised-scales from
three-fourths to apex along costal margin ; cilia fuscous, darker
between apex and tornus ; a faint gray line in cilia from apex to
third patch of raised-scales. Hindwings dark fuscous, cilia slightly
lighter. Abdomen dark brown dorsally, shining buff under some
light conditions ; pale buff ventrally. Legs dark brown on
outer surface, shining buff on inner surface; light gray to white
rings at middle and apices of tibiae; tarsal segments light gray
apically.

Male genitalia: (Fig. 6) R.W.H. slide no. 423.

Female genitalia: (Fig. 14) R.W.FL slide no. 452.

Alar expanse: 8-15 mm.

Food plant : W . amorphella has been reared from stem galls of
Amorpha fruticosa L., Hydrangea sp., and Salix sp. Most of the
records are of rearings on Amorpha.

Type: Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Lectotype:
female, bearing the following labels: (1) 111. (2) Paratype,

Walshia amorphella, B. Clemens, 7492. (3) Walshia amorphella,

Type: A. B. 1902, Clemens. (4) female Genitalia Slide 561
Ronald W. Hodges.

Type locality: Illinois.

Specimens examined. 23 28 5?. Illinois : Chicago, Henry,

Morton Grove, Quincy, May 28-July 17. Kansas: Manhatten,
Medora, April 22 and May 3, reared specimens. Kentucky:
Gallatin Co, May 23. Minnesota: no locality, March 1 through
May 27. Missouri: Kirkwood, April 20 through May 3. Ne-
braska: Seward, April 26 and 27. Texas: Denton, April 15.

Walshia miscecolorella (Chambers)

(Figs. 2, 7, 12)

Laverna miscecolorella Chambers, 1875, Can. Ent. 7: 51.

Chambers, 1877, Bui. U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv. Terr. 3 : 144.
Chambers, 1878, Bui. U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv. Terr. 4: 152.
Walsingham, 1882, Trans. American Ent. Soc. 10: 197. as syno-
nym of L. amorphella.

Busck, 1903, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 5: 216. as synonym of

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society VoL LVI

L. amorphella.

Walshia miscecolorella Riley, in Smith, 1891, List of the Lepi-
doptera of Boreal America, 100. as synonym of W. amorphella.
Dyar, 1902 [1903], Bui. U.S. Natl. Mus. 52:544. as synonym
of W . amorphella.

Laverna miscecalonella , Chambers, 1875, Can. Ent. 7 : 34. lapsus
calami.

Walshia miscecalonella , Dyar, 1902 [1903], Bui. U. S. Natl. Mus.

52 : 544. as synonym of W . amorphella.

Barnes and McDunnough, 1917, Check list of the Lepidoptera of
Boreal America, 152. as synonym of W. amorphella.
McDunnough, 1939, Mem. Southern California Acad. Sci. 2 : 64.
as synonym of W . amorphella.

Walshia amorphella , Riley, 1886, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 1 :
30. misidentification.

Antennae with pecten present. Color and pattern similar to that
of W . amorphella except for forewings often appearing more con-
trasting : basal patch darker brown, outer area light buff. In some
Californian specimens, dark areas, except for basal patch, reduced.
Light rings on hind tibiae and tarsi usually white to light buff.
Male genitalia: (Fig. 7) R.W.H. slide no. 385.

Female genitalia: (Fig. 12) R.W.H. slide no. 458.

Alar expanse : 9-16 mm.

Food plant: W. miscecolorella has been reared from the stems
of Lupinus arboreus Sims, L. chamissionis Esch., and Lupinus sp. ;
from the roots of Astragalus sp. and Arachis sp. ; and from Cirsium
vulgar e (Savi).

Type : Museum of Comparative Zoology. Lectotype : male, bear-
ing the following labels: (1) Chambers, Tex. (2) Type, 1370.
(3) Laverna miscecolorella Cham. (4) male genitalia slide 29. X.
1957, J.F.G.C. No. 10653.

Type locality: Bosque Co., Texas.

Specimens examined : 301 82 JJ. Arizona : Paradise ;

Redington ; Williams; South Fork Little Colorado River,
White Mts. ; Huachuca Mts. ; Ramsay Canyon, Huachuca
Mts. ; Washington Mts. near Nogales ; Turkey Flat, Chiricahua
Mts. ; Upper Camp, Pinery Canyon, Chiricahua Mts. ; Santa
Catalina Mts.; Tonto Creek Camp Ground, Gila Co.; Madera
Canyon, Santa Rita Mts. (May 24 through September 7).
California: Argus Mts.; Berkeley; Beverley Terrace; Bishop;
Bishop Creek; Bixby Canyon, Monterey Co.; Cajon Wash, San
Bernadino Co.; Chula Vista; Claremont; Clarksburg; Colusa;
El Segundo ; Happy Camp, Siskiyou Co. ; Independence ; La

June , 1961

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 71

Puerta; Lassen National Park; Loma Linda; Los Angeles;
Marin City; Mexican Well; Mill Valley, Marin Co.; Monachee
Meadows, Tulare Co.; Richmond; San Diego; San Francisco;
Santa Catalina Island; Shasta Retreat, Siskiyou Co.; Tujunga;
Upper Santa Ana River, San Bernardino Co.; Yosemite Valley
(March 20 through November 23). Colorado: Colorado

Springs, Fort Garland, Pike National Forest, Sangre de Cristo
Range at Alpine Lodge, Rock Creek Canyon, May 26 through
August 22. Florida : Casadaga, De Land, Gainesville, Lake-
land, Siesta Key, Winter Park, January 13 through July. Illi-
nois: Putnam Co., August 5. Indiana: Hessville, July 5. Iowa:
Sioux City, May 6. Kansas: Sherlock, February 11-19, reared.
Maryland: Cabin John, Plummer’s Island, July through Au-
gust. Montana: Bigtimber, no date. New Mexico: Organ
Mts. at Dripping Springs, Jemez Mts., Mesilla, White Mts. at
South Fork Eagle Creek, April 23 through August 13. North
Carolina: Maxton, Pollocksville, May 15 through September
30. Oklahoma: Stillwater, no date. Oregon: Forest Grove,
Joseph, Waldport, June 7 through July 21. South Dakota:
Elk Point, August. Texas: Bosque Co., no date. Utah:
Eureka, July 9 through August 20. Washington: Bonneville,
Pullman, Rochester, Seattle, Walla Walla, Yakima, May 25
through August 17. Alberta: Lethbridge, July ^1 — 13. British
Columbia: Kamloops, Shingle Creek, June 8 through August
5. Manitoba: Aweme, Winnipeg, June 13 through July 25.
Saskatchewan: Indian Head, Saskatoon, July 13 through Au-
gust 4.

Walshia similis, n. sp.

(Figs. 4, 10, 13)

Labial palpi fuscous, no yellow shades. Antennae with pecten
absent. Coloration and maculation of wings similar to W. amor-
phella, often appearing washed-out.

Male genitalia: (Fig. 10) R.W.H. slide no. 466. Valvae nor-
mally symmetrical, sometimes asymmetrical.

Female genitalia: (Fig. 13) R.W.H. slide no. 454.

Alar expanse: 8-12 mm.

Food plant: unknown.

Types : Holotype : male, Cherry Hill Recreation Area, Route
107, Oconee County, South Carolina, 2000 feet, August 20, 1958
(R. W. Hodges), [Cornell University Type No. 3647]. Para-
types: Cherry Hill Recreation Area, Route 107, Oconee County,
South Carolina, 2000 feet, 8 52, August 17 through September 7,
1958 (R. W. Hodges) ; East River, Connecticut, 1 5, August 1910

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vo1- LVI

(Chas. R. Ely) ; Putnam Co., Illinois, 2 J'J, June 24, 1956 and
August 12, 1949 (M. O. Glenn) ; Martha’s Vineyard, Massa-
chusetts, 1 J1, August 22, 1941 (F. M. Jones) ; Essex Co. Park,
New Jersey, 2 July 30 and August 16 (W. D. Kearfott) ; New
Lisbon, New Jersey, 2 (E. P. Darlington) ; Oakland, New

Jersey, 6 lCJlCf, 2 JJ, August 4-14, 1948 (C. P. Kimball) ; Ramsey,
New Jersey, 1 1 J, August 2, 1935; Highlands, Macon Co.,

North Carolina, 2 JJ, August 10 and 23, 1958 (R. W. Hodges) ;
Leland, North Carolina, 2 September 1 and 3, 1946 (Otto
Buchholz) ; Maxton, North Carolina, 5 1 J, August 5 through

September 30, 1943 and 1944 (A. B. Klots) ; Pollocksville, North
Carolina, 1 l(j\ September 15, 1931 (Bradley and Knorr) ; Clermont
Co., Ohio, 1 J', August 19, 1920 (Annette F. Braun).

Other specimens examined: 8 9 Connecticut: Put-

nam, August 29. Illinois: Putnam Co., June 24. Michigan:
Livingston Co., July 29 through August 17. New Jersey:
Oakland; Ramsey, July 17 through August 14. New York:
Tuxedo; Woodlands, August 7—25. North Carolina: Maxton;
Pollocksville, June 1 through September 15. Pennsylvania:
New Brighton, July 13. Virginia: Lexington, September 11.

Paratypes have been deposited in the following collections :
American Museum of Natural History; California Academy of
Sciences ; Cornell University ; Los Angeles County Museum ; Acad-
emy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; United States National
Museum; A. F. Braun; M. O. Glenn; C. P. Kimball; A. B. Klots;
and R. W. Hodges.

W . similis can be separated from W . amorphella , W. miscecolo-
rella, and W. exemplata by the asymmetry of the valvae and by the
sharp constriction at the base of the cucullar areas in the male
genitalia. It can be separated from W . dispar by the degree of
asymmetry: the valvae of similis are nearly equal in size, whereas
the right valva of dispar is about two-thirds the size of the left valva.

Walshia dispar, n. sp.

Walshia amorphella

Forbes, 1923, Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Mem. 68: 325. mis-

identification, partim.

Forbes, in Leonard, 1928, Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Mem.

101 : 552. misidentification, partim.

Labial palpi fuscous, no yellow shades. Antennae with pecten
absent. Maculation of wings similar to W . amorphella.

Male genitalia: (Fig. 8) R.W.H. slide no. 464.

Female genitalia: (Fig. 16) R.W.H. slide no. 496.

June, 1961

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 73

Alar expanse: 10-13 mm.

Food plant: unknown.

Types: Holotype: male, Six Mile Creek, Ithaca, New York,
July 17, 1957 (J. G. Franclemont) , [Cornell University Type No.
3646]. Paratypes : Six Mile Creek, Ithaca, New York, 16
6 52, June 20 through August 14 ( J. G. Franclemont) ; East River,
Connecticut, 1 August 17, 1909 (Chas. R. Ely) ; Essex Co.
Park, New Jersey, 2 J'J', July 22 and 30 (W. D. Kearfott) ; Great
Falls, Virginia, 1 J', July 31, 1919 (A. Busck) ; Hot Springs, Vir-
ginia, 1 5, August 11, 1916 (M. Hebard).

Other specimens examined: 4 6c?, 1 2- New Jersey: Essex
Co., August 2. New York: Ithaca, July 18 through August 6.
Ontario: Ottawa, July 26.

Paratypes have been deposited in the following collections :
California Academy of Sciences ; Cornell University ; Los Angeles
County Museum; Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia;
United States National Museum; J. G. Franclemont; and R. W.
Hodges.

W . dispar can be separated from the other species of the genus
by the extreme asymmetry of the male genitalia. The right cucullar
area is reduced to one-third that of the left.

Walshia exemplata, n. sp.

(Fig. 11)

Labial palpi fuscous. Antennae with pecten absent. Superfi-
cially this species is like W. amorphella in maculation.

Male genitalia: (Fig. 11) R.W.H. slide no. 460.

Female genitalia; no specimens available.

Alar expanse: 13 mm.

Type: Holotype: male, Plummer’s Island, Maryland, July 1902
(A. Busck), [Los Angeles County Museum].

W. exemplata can be distinguished from W. amorphella, W.
miscecolorella, W . similis, and W . dispar by having symmetrical
valvae with well defined cucullar areas that are one third the width
of the valvae.

Walshia particornella (Busck), new combination.

(Figs. 5, 9, 15)

Perimede particornella Busck, 1919, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington
11: 96.

Barnes and McDunnough, 1917, Check list of the Lepidoptera of
Boreal America, 152.

McDunnough, 1939, Mem. Southern California Acad. Sci. 2 : 64.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LVI

Hodges

Plate I

Explanation of Plates I and II

Fig. 1, Walshia dispar , n. sp., holotype, male, Six Mile Creek,
Ithaca, New York. Fig. 2, W. miscecolorella (Cham.), male,
Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona. Fig. 3,
amorphella Clemens, female, Putnam Co., Illinois. Fig. 4,
similis, n. sp., holotype, Oconee Co., South Carolina. Fig, 5,
particornella (Busck), male, Putnam Co., Illinois.

June, 1961

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 75

Hodges

Plate II

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LVI

Hodges Plate III

Explanation of Plate III

Figs. 6-11, Ventral view of male genitalia of Walshia. Fig. 6,
W. amorphella. Fig. 7, W. miscecolorella (Cham.). Fig. 8, W.
dispar, n. sp. Fig. 9, W. particornella (Busck). Fig. 10, W.
similis, n. sp. Fig. 11, W. exemplata, n. sp.

June, 1961 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 77

The male genitalia indicate that this species is not congeneric
with Perimede erransella Chambers, the type of Perimede.

Male genitalia : (Fig. 9) R.W.H. slide no. 18. In Fig. 9 the basal
part of the tegumen does not meet the vinculum ; this is a result of
the preparation.

Female genitalia: (Fig. 15) R.W.H. slide no. 500.

Alar expanse : 8-12 mm.

Type: United States National Museum.

Type locality : Plummer’s Island, Maryland.

Specimens examined : 14 2 Illinois : Putnam Co.,

June 4 through July 15. Maryland: Plummer’s Island, July.
Texas: Devers, June 21. Virginia: Alexandria, May 27.

The holotype and series of paratypes of W . similis from High-
lands, North Carolina and Oconee Co., South Carolina were col-
lected during the summer of 1958 when the author was assisting
Dr. J. G. Franclemont. The collecting was done under the auspices
of a grant from the Penrose Fund of the American Philosophical
Society.

The outline maps are from the Goode Base Map Series published
by the University of Chicago (Copyright by the University of
Chicago.)

The author wishes to thank the following persons and institu-
tions for furnishing the specimens which form the basis of this
study : American Museum of Natural History ; California Acad-
emy of Sciences ; Canadian National Collection ; Chicago Museum
of Natural History; Cornell University; Illinois Natural History
Survey ; Los Angeles County Museum ; Museum of Comparative
Zoology ; Philadelphia Academy of Sciences ; United States Na-
tional Museum ; University of California at Berkeley ; University of
Michigan; Dr. Annette F. Braun; Dr. J. G. Franclemont; Mr.
M. O. Glenn; Mr. C. P. Kimball; Dr. A. B. Klots ; and Mr. J. A.
Powell.

Grateful acknowledgment is made to the Grace H. Griswold
Fund of the Department of Entomology of Cornell University for
assuming the expense of engraving the plates.

Explanation of Plate IV

Figs. 12-16, Ventral view of female genitalia of Walshia. Fig.
12, IV. miscecolorella (Cham.). Fig. 13, W. similis , n. sp. Fig.
14, W. amorphella Clemens. Fig. 15, W. particornella (Busck).
Fig. 16, W . dispar , n. sp.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. lvi

Hodges Plate IV

June, 1961 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 79

Plate V

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LVI

Hodges Plate VI

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS

June, 1961

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 81

INSECTS FROM TUNNELS OF XYLOCOPA
VIRGINICA (LINN.)

(COL., LEP., DIPT., HYM.)

By W. V. Balduf, University of Illinois, Urbana1

On September 17, 1957, I dissected a four-foot long piece of
1x4 in. pine board that had housed a part of a colony of the
carpenter bee, Xylocopa virginica on a garage at Longview, Cham-
paign County, Illinois. Representatives of six species of other
insects were then present. Excepting the cocoons of Osmia lig-
naria reported below, all the insects were then dead, possibly due
to plugs of putty the owner had placed into the entrances of the
tunnels to discourage the carpenter bee.

Following are the species involved, plus the gist of published
biologies and my own observations on the materials found in the
tunnels.

COLEOPTERA

Ahasversus advena (Waltl.), Cucujidae. Four adults.

Trogoderma glabrum (Herbst), Dermestidae. A living ad-
vanced larva, and exuviae.

Lepidoptera

Nephopteryx subcaesiella (Clem), Phycitidae. The material
consisted of three imperfect adults, one chrysalis and 25 indi-
viduals ; some of the latter were obviously still larvae, whereas
nine appeared to have developed abnormally beyond the larval
state. The latter nine are remarkable in that the head and thorax
retain the larval form, texture and appendages typical of caterpillars
whereas the abdomen has assumed the characteristic color, form
and texture of chrysalids.

In his report to me on the identity of the wasps and bees, Mr.
Krombein commented that the above Nephopteryx “probably were
prey of a solitary vespid wasp.” This may explain the partial
transformation of the nine subcaesiella. Assuming that the wasp
takes only caterpillars, the presence of a chrysalis and adults in
the tunnel could mean that these, as larvae, were paralyzed lightly
or temporarily, and thus recovered enough to complete their trans-
formation in the tunnel. On the other hand, the nine half-trans-
formed individuals, when seized by the wasp, were paralyzed more

1 1 am indebted to specialists at the U. S. National Museum for
identification of the insects concerned here.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LVI

seriously, so that the head and thorax were deadened, yet the
abdomen received little or no venom, and therefore proceeded to
pupate. It is of interest also that these individuals retained the
larval cuticle intact over the entire body, perhaps because the an-
terior body regions, where molting begins, were incapacitated by
paralysis.

Reference to the biologies of eumenine vespid wasps cited by
Muesebeck, et al (1951, 1958) indicate that either Pseudodynerus
quadrisectus (Say) (Rau, 1935) or Monohia quadridens (Linn.),
(Ashmead, 1894; Rau, 1931; Frost, 1944) could have stored the
N ephopteryx larvae in the tunnels of X. virginica at Longview,
Illinois. Both utilize caterpillars as prey, and are known to nest
sometimes in tunnels of this carpenter bee.

Since several species of N ephopteryx are known pests of plants
— some as leaf-tiers (Rev. App. Ent., A, 1913-1958), it may be
assumed that N. subcaesiella at Longview occurred on one of the
many ornamental plants grown near the nest of X. virginica.

Diptera

Tachinidae. Two adults, in poor condition, and several puparia
of a fly that occurred in one of the tunnels, were identified doubt-
fully as Tachinidae. The larvae possibly parasitized some of the
caterpillars of the above N ephopteryx.

Hymenoptera

Trypoxylon striatum Prov. (T. albopilosum Fox), Sphecidae.
My materials of this solitary wasp consisted of nine cocoons. Each
contained a dead, yet not decomposed limp apodous yellow prepupa
with prominent mandibles. All occurred in abandoned tunnels of
X. virginica, each in a cell walled off from adjacent cells by par-
titions of mud. One tunnel contained a series of eight cells and
shrivelled immature larvae. Another housed eleven cells in a
series; each of the four older or innermost cells contained a Try-
poxylon cocoon.

The cocoon is described by Krombein (1956) as “made of a thin
layer of tightly woven pale silk impregnated with a fluid, possibly
of meconial origin, which dries to form a varnished, brittle, dark
brown substance.” My specimens are round and somewhat bulbous
at the posterior end ; narrower and cylindrical in the median half,
and flared out at the cephalic end, which is transversely flattish-
convex. One cocoon measured 16 mm. long, 6.0 mm. in diameter
at the round end, 5.5 mm. in the median part and 5.4 at the flattish
end. The corresponding dimensions of a second cocoon were 15.5,
5.5, 4.5 and 5.0 mm.

June , 1961

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 83

The biology of T. striatum was made known by Ran (1928),
G. W. and E. G. Peckham (1895, 1895) and Krombein (1956).
It nests in bee burrows in wood or ground, and utilizes only spiders,
and particularly Epeiridae. The eggs are placed, one per cell, on
the abdomen of the spider. According to Krombein, this species
apparently develops only one generation a year.

Osmia lignaria Say, Megachilidae. In the spring of 1956, a
female was discovered carrying pollen into an old tunnel of X. vir-
ginica. She was first seen at work on April 27 and again on six
later dates to May 10. On the posterior venter of the abdomen,
she invariably bore pale yellowish-white pollen, but later in the
period returned several times without a load. She remained in-
active on May 7, when the atmospheric temperature stood near
50° F.

The bee worked rapidly and steadily. The round trip from the
nest board to the flower garden, located about 50 feet away, and
back to the nest board required 4.5 to 5.5 minutes. This included
acquisition of the load of pollen. After each return, 1.0 to 1.5
minutes were spent in the nest in depositing pollen. The outcome
of all this activity was not observed.

A second opportunity to learn about O. lignaria came in 1957-
58. Dissection of a four-feet long nest board of Xylocopa virginica
on September 17, 1957, revealed two dead dry adult 0. lignaria in
an old tunnel. These may have been the progenitors of 12 cocoons
found on the same day in another burrow of the same piece of nest
board. The cocoons are elongate-oval, shaped much like a football.
A tangle of silk envelops the medium brown cocoon. They varied
from 10 to 13 mm. in length and 5-7 mm. in maximum diameter.
Two of the cocoons opened on September 18, 1957 contained ma-
ture living adults.

The remaining 10 cocoons were placed in a cage on September
19, and subjected to natural weather conditions at Urbana through
the winter. On and about April 21, 1958, eight adult Osmia
emerged from the cocoons. The other two then contained dead
pupae. Emergence took place through the side of the cephalic
third of the cocoon. The above time data indicate that O. lignaria
completes one generation in a year in central Illinois.

Linsley and McSwain (1941) note the wide distribution of lig-
naria in North America, the nesting sites chosen, the construction
of the nests, storage of pollen in the cells and the development from
egg to adult in California. As in Illinois, this bee passes the cold
season as adult in the cocoon. Hicks (1934) suggests this manner
of wintering may be general among certain of the Osmias, and in-

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. lvi

eludes O. 1. propinqua Cress, in this group. In California (Linsley
and McSwain), the adults emerge in February and March, — de-
cidedly earlier than in Illinois.

Osmia lignaria is sometimes involved in supersedure with 0.
calif ornica Cress. Bohart (1955) describes two types of this
phenomenon, — abrupt, in which a series of brood cells started by
lignaria is completed by calif ornica, and gradual, where both species
work simultaneously for a period in the same nest.

Summary

Six species of insects inhabited the abandoned tunnels of a colony
of carpenter bees, Xylocopa virginica that nested in a fascia of a
garage at Longview, Illinois. The Coleoptera, Ahasversua advena
(Waltl.) Cucujidae and Trogoderma glabrum (Herbst), Dermes-
tidae, were present in small numbers. The phytophagous larvae
of a phycitid moth, Nephopteryx subcaesiella (Clem.), had been
stored by a wasp, — probably an eumenine vespid. Puparia of a
tachinid ? sp. may have represented parasites in the larvae of
Nephopteryx. A spider-storing sphecid wasp, Trypoxylon striatum
Prov. was identified from its cocoons and brood cells. All the
above materials were found dead. However, the megachilid bee,
Osmia lignaria Say was seen storing pollen in an old Xylocopa
burrow in one instance ; in another, adults emerged in spring from
a series of cocoons that contained fully-developed adult Osmia in
the previous fall.

References Cited

Ashmead, W. H. 1894. The habits of the aculeate Hymenop-
tera, IV. Psyche 7 : 76-8.

Bohart, G. E. 1955. Gradual nest supersedure within the
genus Osmia. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 57(4): 203-4.

Frost, S. W. 1944. Notes on the habits of Monobia quadridens
(Linn.). Ent. News (55) : 10-13.

Hicks, C. H. 1934. Some reared insect parasites and their
hosts. Univ. Colo. Studies, general series, 21, pp. 265-271.
Krombein, K. V. 1956. Biological and taxonomic notes on
the wasps of Lost River State Park, West Virginia, with
additions to the faunal list. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 58(3) :
155-6.

Linsley, E. G. and J. W. MacSwain. 1941. The bionomics of
Ptinus californicus, a depredator in the nests of bees. Bui.
S. Calif. Acad. Sci. 40: 126-137.

Muesebeck, C. F. W. et al 1951. Hymenoptera of America

June , 1961

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 85

north of Mexico, Synoptic Catalog and 1958 First Supple-
ment.

Peckham, G. W. and E. G. 1895. Notes of the habits of
Trypoxylon rubrocinctum and Trypoxylon albopilosum.
Psyche (7) : 301-6.

. 1898. On the instincts and habits of solitary

wasps. Bull. 2, Wise. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey, Sci.
Ser. 1 ; Chap. 8, the wood borers, pp. 77-8.

Rau, P. 1958. Field studies in the behavior of the non-social
wasps. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 25(9) : 432-8.

. 1931. The cocooning habit of the wasp, Monobia

quadridens. Bui. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 26(4).

— . 1935. Notes on the biology of certain eumenid

wasps. Bui. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 30: 111.

STUDIES ON THE PLECOPTERA OF NORTH
AMERICA: IX. CAPNIA MANITOBA IN THE
NORTHEAST1

J. F. Hanson2 and S. W. Hitchcock3

The genus Capnia is generally considered to be a western genus
of North American stoneflies. Of approximately 45 North Ameri-
can species, only three have been reported in the eastern part of
the continent: C. labradora Ricker (1954) and C. vernalis Newport
from Labrador and northern Quebec (Brinck, 1958), and C.
nearctica Banks from the Canadian far north (Ricker, 1944, 1954).

No species of Capnia have been recorded from the United States
east of Minnesota. Therefore, we were very much surprised when
we separately collected specimens of Capnia manitoba Claassen in
New England. This particular species had not previously been re-
ported east of Manitoba.

1 Supported by NIH Grant E-1442(C5), U. S. Public Health
Service. Contribution No. 1344 from the entomological laboratory
of the University of Massachusetts.

2 Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of
Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass.

3 The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven,
Conn.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LVI

Its presence in the Northeast first came to the attention of the
senior author in 1953 (when Dr. John A. Weidhaas of Cornell then
a graduate student at the University of Massachusetts collected a
pair). It was such a surprise to find that Capnia occurred in New
England that he had to be assured and reassured that the specimens
had indeed been collected so embarrassingly close to Amherst.
When he finally did find time to make a field trip to collect some
specimens, the season for adults had passed. However, in 1954 he
collected many specimens at the designated location, so there could
no longer be the slightest doubt as to the occurrence of at least one
breeding population of Capnia in Massachusetts.

The junior author added another State to the eastern distribution
of C. manitoba by collecting a number of specimens in Connecticut
in 1959. Then in the spring of 1961, still another eastern State
was added to the list when the senior author, on the very first stop
of an early spring collecting trip, happened on this species in Saco,
Maine.

Collecting Notes and Comments. — Since the insects of literally
hundreds of streams in the Northeast have been intensively col-
lected for many years by a number of entomologists, it seems quite
certain that C. manitoba is a relatively rare or highly localized
species. However, it is apparently an unusually active species and
therefore its presence might go undetected by the common method
of collecting adult Capniidae in winter and early spring.

Allocapnia and Paracapnia so rarely fly, even on the warmest
spring days, that they are best collected by plucking them from
boulders in the streams, from snow along the stream banks, or from
fence posts and roadside or bridge railings near streams. The fence
posts and railings are particularly wonderful collecting places for
our commonest eastern genus, Allocapnia. Both males and females
have a tendency to travel upward after emergence from the water,
and thus, are virtually trapped when they reach the top of the rail-
ing where they may easily be collected. Here they run back and
forth on the railings accumulating in greater and greater numbers
as the emergence season progresses.

Capnia manitoba, on the other hand, was observed by Dr. Weid-
haas to be actively flying in considerable numbers about the meadow
when he made the initial eastern collection of this species. Thus,
the adults would probably be normally widely dispersed about their
habitat rather than concentrated in particular places. They might,
therefore, better be detected and codected by sweeping the vegeta-
tion, even on cold wintery days, rather than by searching on the
fence posts. Consequently, it seemed appropriate to make further

June, 1961

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 87

observations on the habits and local dispersal of the adults in the
next season.

Unfortunately, on both occasions when the senior author made
observations and collections at the Massachusetts location, the
weather was cool and windy and flight was not observed. The
disposition of the specimens collected was nonetheless of consider-
able interest, indicating that C. manitoba had probably been flying
about the meadow on other days of that same spring and that it
would be indeed easy to overlook this species if only the fence posts
were scrutinized for specimens. Of the 147 specimens taken on
23 March 1954, only two were taken on the fence posts where the
stream flows under the road ; all the rest were swept with a net
from the dead or overwintering grass of the meadow. In contrast,
of the 20 Allocapnia specimens taken, 10 were taken from the fence
posts. The specimens from Connecticut were also collected by
sweeping dead grass and reeds and so provide supporting evidence
for the observations made in Massachusetts.

In subsequent years the species was not recovered in Massa-
chusetts, probably because of the activities of certain agrarian mem-
bers of the Homo sapiens species who deliberately relocated the
stream.

Collection Data. — Connecticut : west branch of Bantam River,
Goshen, 1 Apr. 1959 (S. W. Hitchcock) 16&? 22?. Maine: Saco,
Route 5, 3 Apr. 1961 ( J. F. Hanson) 9 2??. Massachusetts :
Westhampton, trib. Roberts Meadow Brook, lj' 1? on 23 Mar.
1953 (J. A. Weidhaas), 12^ 14?? on 18 Mar. 1954 (J. F. Han-
son), 87<ft? 60?? on 23 Mar. 1954 (JFH).

These extensions of the known range of C. manitoba suggest the
interesting possibility that other species of Capnia may be found in
highly localized breeding areas in New England or Northeastern
New York.

Acknowledgement

The authors are indebted to Dr. Edward I. Coher for critically
reading and correcting the manuscript.

References

Brinck, P. 1958. On a collection of stoneflies (Plecoptera)
from Newfoundland and Labrador. Opuscula Entomologica
23 : 47-58.

Ricker, W. E. 1944. Some Plecoptera from the far north.
Canad. Ent. 76: 175-185, figs. 1-22.

1954. Nomenclatorial notes on Plecoptera. Proc. Ent.

Soc. British Columbia 51 : 37-39.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. lvi

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BULLETIN

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CONTENTS

NEW DELAWARE RECORDS FOR MAMMALIAN
ECTOPARASITES, Tindall and Darsie 89

A GYNANDROMORPHIC CRAB SPIDER, Anderson . . 100

THREE NEW PSILOCORSIS (LEPIDOP.: OECO-
PHORIDAE) FROM ARIZONA, Hodges . 103

THE GENUS HODOPHYLAX (DIPTERA: ASILI-
DAE, Wilcox 112

TORRE-BUENO’S GLOSSARY SUPPLEMENT,

Tul loch 116

Bulletin o£ the Brooklyn Entomological Society

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BULLETIN

OF THE

BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Vol. LVI OCTOBER, 1961 No. 4

NEW DELAWARE RECORDS FOR MAMMALIAN
ECTOPARASITES, INCLUDING SIPHONAPTERA
HOST LIST1

By Edward E. Tindall and Richard F. Darsie, Jr.2

The present study is a continuation of the ectoparasite work
started by MacCreary (1945a) and Florschultz and Darsie (1960).
Seven new species records and three new host records for Dela-
ware were obtained from three species of mammalian hosts and
an apparently abandoned poultry house. One species of mite was
found for the first time on the white-footed mouse Peromyscus
leucopus noveboracensis (Fischer). Detailed locality records
for four additional ectoparasites are also included.

1 Published as Miscellaneous Paper No. 376 with the approval
of the Director of the Delaware Agricultural Experiment Station.
Publication 312 and Scientific Article 228 of the Department of
Entomology, September, 1960.

2 Graduate Assistant and Associate Professor, respectively, De-
partment of Entomology, Delaware Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion, Newark. The authors are indebted to Dr. James M. Brennan,
Rocky Mountain Laboratory, U. S. Public Health Service, Hamil-
ton, Montana; Dr. E. W. Jameson, Jr., Department of Zoology,
University of California, Davis, California, and Dr. Edward W.
Baker, U .S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. for aid in
identification of mites ; to Dr. Edwin F. Cook, Department of
Entomology and Economic Zoology, University of Minnesota, St.
Paul, Minnesota, for aid in identification of immature lice ; to Lt.
Col. Robert Traub, U. S. Army Medical Research and Develop-
ment Command, Washington, D. C., and Dr. Henry Dietrich, De-
partment of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
for furnishing Delaware fleas ; and to Dr. Paul P. Burbutis, Depart-
ment of Entomology, University of Delaware for assistance with
flea determinations.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LVI

Procedure

The ectoparasite recovery technique used in this study was modi-
fied from that of Race (1956). Sherman live traps, baited with
apple or peanut butter, were employed in capturing the mammals
alive. The rodents and shrews were all taken during the spring
and fall of 1959. The live animal, once caught, was transferred
from the trap to a clear plastic bag. Only one animal was placed
in each bag.

Upon returning to the car the mouth of this bag was held firmly
around the exhaust pipe, while the car engine was running. This
rapidly asphyxiated its occupant. The animal was transferred
immediately to a quart jar half filled with water and containing 4
to 5 drops of 25% lindane emulsifiable concentrate, and about
one-half teaspoon of commercial detergent. The cap was replaced
securely and the jar and contents shaken vigorously ten to twenty
times. The plastic bag was resealed, labeled and placed with the
jar.

The jar was agitated once again after returning to the labora-
tory ; this time, however, it was shaken approximately a hundred
times or more. The animal was removed and rinsed over a 60
mesh sieve, examined closely for remaining parasites, identified
and discarded. The liquid and material in the jar was passed
through the sieve and rinsed with clean water several times, each
time pouring it through the sieve. The sieve was inverted and
back-washed by water or alcohol into one or several watch glasses.
The contents were inspected under a microscope and the parasites
segregated. The mites were mounted immediately, while the lice
and fleas were preserved in 70 percent alcohol to be processed and
mounted later. The inside of the bag was examined for any para-
sites which might have left the host during its short stay therein.

The mites were mounted in Hoyer’s solution and cleared over
heat (Baker & Wharton, 1952). The Hoyer’s solution plus the
heat tended to relax the specimen and spread the legs, often a key
feature in identification. The lice and fleas were cleared in 10%
KOH, rinsed in three changes of distilled water, dehydrated in 50
percent then 100 percent ethyl cellosolve, and mounted directly
in Canada balsam. The authors follow the classification of Class
Mammalia by Hall and Kelson (1959).

Results

A total of 39 animals was examined for ectoparasites, all but one
of which were taken from the Newark area of New Castle County.

Oct., 1961

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 91

The mammals were: one gray squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis penn-
sylvanicus Ord ; six shorttailed shrews, Blarina brevicauda
talpoides (Gapper) ; and 32 white-footed mice, P. 1. noveboracensis.
The gray squirrel was taken in Thompsonville, Kent County. In
addition, eight fleas were collected from Hartly, Kent County,
by Donald MacCreary in an abandoned poultry house, so that
the host is unknown.

A total of 773 ectoparasites was recovered from the small mam-
mals but it is doubtful that all of the parasites were removed from
the hosts. One hundred and nineteen ticks were recovered but
not included in this study since MacCreary (1945b) has already
adequately treated this group.

Approximately one-half of the ectoparasites, other than ticks,
were identified to species. These are listed in Table 1, including
percent of hosts infested.

Acarina

Blarinobia simplex (Ewing). — Newark, New Castle Co., ex B.
b. talpoides, 10 Nov. 1959, 1 20 Nov. 1959, 9 §5; ex P. 1. nove-

boracensis, 1 1 Dec. 1959, 3 22 (E. Tindall). This comprises a new
host record as well as a new State record for Delaware. Jameson
(1948) described it from the soricid shrews, B. brevicauda and
Sorex cinereus Kerr but not from P. leucopus. The original
description of this genus and species was made by Jameson (1955).
As far as the authors can determine, this is the first record of B.
simplex occurring on white-footed mice. This mite appears to be
specific for shrews and it may be an accidental infestation picked
up in common runways. Jameson and Brennan (1957) noted
that a variety of shrews, mice and other small mammals frequently
utilized the same trails and tunnels in the turf and humus.

Euschongastia blarinae (Ewing). — Newark, New Castle Co.,
ex B. b. talpoides , 10 Nov. 1959, 1 ; 20 Nov. 1959, 7 (E. Tindall).
Farrell (1956) described this mite and noted that all known col-
lections of E. blarinae have been from shrews with but a single
exception. That exception is the type specimen recorded from P.
leucopus, the white-footed mouse. E. blarinae is a new record for
Delaware.

Euschongastia peromysci (Ewing). — Newark, New Castle Co.,
ex P. 1. noveboracensis , 18 Mar. 1959, 2 ; 19 Mar. 1959, 4; 20 Mar.
1959, 14 ; 24 Mar. 1959, 8 ; 26 Mar. 1959, 8 ; 6 Apr. 1959, 2 ; 8 Apr.
1959, 3; 9 Apr. 1959, 4; 11 Apr. 1959, 2 ; 13 Apr. 1959, 7; 19 Apr.
1959, 2 ; 20 Apr. 1959, 6 ; 21 Apr. 1959, 1 ; 22 Apr. 1959, 2 ; 23 Apr.
1959, 2; 28 Apr. 1959, 2; 4 May 1959, 3; 9 Dec. 1959, 11; 11 Dec.

Peromyscus leucopus Blarina brevicauda Sciurus carolinensis

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. lvi

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* In addition, Pulex i. irritans was collected from an abandoned poultry house.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 93

1959, 5 (E. Tindall). Farrell (1956) described this mite in de-
tail and gave an extensive host list of shrews and rodents. Jameson
and Brennan (1957) noted that this mite, though found through-
out the year, was far less common during the summer months.
They also considered this true for chiggers in general. According
to these same authors, E. peromysci is most often found deep in
the ear conch of its host. They found it much more common on
forest inhabiting Peromyscus as compared with a brushfield habitat.
Our mice were all trapped in hardwood forest. This chigger is
also a new record for Delaware.

Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing). — Newark, New Castle Co.,
ex B. h. talpoides, 6 Apr. 1959, 2 22 5 ex P- ^ noveboracensis , 16
Mar. 1959, 12 22* 1 nymph; 19 Mar. 1959, 2 22; 20 Mar. 1959,
2 ??; 26 Mar. 1959, 1 ?; 6 Apr. 1959, 1 $; 8 Apr. 1959, 1 $;
9 Apr. 1959, 1 ?; 11 Apr. 1959, 1 ?; 13 Apr. 1959, 1 ?; 19 Apr.
1959, 2 ??; 20 Apr. 1959, 2 22; 22 Apr. 1959, 1 <?; 24 Apr. 1959,
2 22; 4 May 1959> 3 22; 9 Dec. 1959, 3 22; 11 Dec. 1959, 1 2,
1 J1 (E. Tindall). Florschutz and Darsie (1960) listed records
from Microtus pennsylvanicus (Ord) and P. leucopus.

Hirstionyssus carnifex (Koch). — Newark, New Castle Co., ex
B. b. talpoides , 12 Apr. 1959, 2 22; ex P- ^ noveboracensis, 13
Apr. 1959, 2 22 (E. Tindall). Baker et al (1956) stated that this
mite has been reported as a parasite from bats and rodents in the
United States, Europe, Africa and Asia. This is the first record
from Delaware.

Resinacarus spp. — Newark, New Castle Co., ex P . /. novebora-
censis, 13 Apr. 1959, 1 ; 19 Apr. 1959, 1 ; ex B. b. talpoides , 10
Nov. 1959, 1; (E. Tindall). Evans and Freeman (1950) noted
some species of Tyroglyphinae were taken from fleas ; their pres-
ence being a case of transportation rather than one of feeding on
the fleas. Two of the three recoveries of Resinacarus in the present
study were in association with the fleas O. leucopus and D. blarinae.
Baker and Wharton (1952) briefly mentioned this genus in their
discussion of Pyemotidae. Both Tyroglyphinae and Pyemotidae
are free living families, often infesting grain. It is therefore quite
possible that this mite is not an ectoparasite. They also stated
that the genus is little known and apparently of no economic im-
portance. It is a new record for Delaware.

Anoplura

Hoplopleura hesperomydis (Osborn). — Newark, New Castle
Co., ex P. 1. noveboracensis, 18 Mar. 1959, 1 2> 1 <$\ 6 Apr.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society voi.lvi

1959, 1 ?, 1 13 Apr. 1959, 6 22, 1 2 nymphs; 13 Apr.

1959, 1 2; 19 Apr. 1959, 2 22, 1 <?; 20 Apr. 1959, 1 2, 1 <?; 21
Apr. 1959, 3 22, 1 <?; 22 Apr. 1959, 1 <?; 9 Dec. 1959, 1 nymph;
11 Dec. 1959, 8 22, 4 <?<?, 8 nymphs (E. Tindall). MacCreary
(1945a) found Hoplopleura acanthopus (Burmeister) parasitiz-
ing P. leucopus in Delaware, though Ferris (1951), listed only
H. hesperomydis from this host. Race (1956) also recorded it
from P. leucopus in New Jersey, as well as B. hrevicauda, M.
pennsylvanicus and M. pinetorum. Cook and Beer (1959) re-
ported this species from P. leucopus and Peromyscus maniculatus
(Wagner) in the west and midwest. This is a new parasite
record for Delaware.

Siphonaptera

Doratopsylla hlarinae C. Fox. — Brenford, Kent County, ex
shrew, 23 Apr. 1939, 1 (D. MacCreary) ; Camden, Kent Co.,

ex shrew, July, 1939, 1 2 (R- Smith) ; Newark, New Castle
County, ex B. b. talpoides, 6 Apr. 1959, 4 22 J 12 Apr. 1959,
2 22, 5 <?<?; 15 Apr. 1959, 2 22, 9 28 Apr. 1959, 522, 3

10 Nov. 1959, 2 J'J'; ex P. 1. noveboracensis, 8 Apr. 1959, 1 J*;
20 Apr. 1959, 1 2 (E. Tindall). Fox (1940) recorded D. blarinae
from P. leucopus. MacCreary (1945a) found it on B. brevicauda
while Burbutis (1956) collected it from B. brevicauda and Micro-
tus pinetorum (Le Conte). Geary (1959) listed it from a num-
ber of soricid shrew species in New York. P. leucopus is a new
host record for this flea in Delaware.

Ctenophthalmus pseudagyrtes Baker. — Sandtown, Kent Co., ex
Pine mouse, 17 May 1939, 1 2 5 Willow Grove, Kent Co., ex Pine
mouse, Kent Co., 23 June 1939, 2 22, 2 $$ (MacCreary) ; 27
June 1939, 1 2, 1 <?; 3 Aug. 1939, 1 MacCreary (1945a) re-
ported this species of flea taken from B. brevicauda , M. p. penn-
sylvanicus, P. 1. leucopus, and Sylvilagus floridanus malluras
(Thomas). Fox (1940) gave an extensive host list and noted
that it was one of the most abundant of the flea parasites of small
mammals. He also stated that it often occurs in company with
D. blarinae as a parasite of shrews but that its favored host is
probably the mole. Burbutis (1956) reported it for the first time
from the Virginia opossum, Didelphis marsupialis virginiana Kerr.

Epitedia wenmanni (Rothschild). — Hockessin, New Castle Co.,
ex white-footed mouse, 29 Dec. 1939, 1 2 ; ex M. pennsylvanicus,
13 Feb. 1940, 1 $ (MacCreary) ; Newark, New Castle Co., ex
P. 1. noveboracensis, 18 Mar. 1959, 2 22 5 19 Mar. 1959, 1 2 J 26
Mar. 1959, 1 2, 1 <?; 9 Apr. 1959, 1 2; 21 Apr. 1959, 2 22, 1

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 95

11 Dec. 1959, 1 J (E. Tindall). Fox (1940) stated that this flea
seems to be pre-eminent on the white-footed mouse, but is also
abundant on many small mammals and may be found in the adult
stage during practically every month of the year. MacCreary
(1945a) reported this flea from P. leucopus. Jameson and Bren-
nan (1957) noted that E. wenmanni is typical of deer mice as well
as microtine rodents and seems to be a spring flea. This appears
to hold true for the Delaware collections. Burbutis (1956) found
it on P. leucopus, B. brevicauda , M. pennsylvanicus, M. pinetorum
and the “skunk.” Geary (1959) also listed Mustela erminea
cicognanii Bonaparte, Peromyscus maniculatus gracilis (Le Conte),
Clethrionomys gapperi gapperi (Vigors), Tamiasciurus hudsoni-
cus loguax (Bangs), the opossum, the cottontail, and the hairy-
tailed mole as hosts of this flea.

Orchopeas leucopus (Baker). — Kent Co., ex pine mouse, 23
June 1939, 1 21 July 1939, 2 22 (D. MacCreary) ; ex P. 1.

noveboracensis, 18 Mar. 1959, 2 22> 1 JC 19 Mar. 1959, 1 J ; 20
Mar. 1959, 1 ?; 26 Mar. 1959, 1 ?; 9 Apr. 1959, 2 ; 13 Apr.

1959, 10 2?, 3 20 Apr. 1959, 1 $, 3 <?<?; 21 Apr. 1959, 3

1 <?; 22 Apr. 1959, 1 ?, 1 24 Apr. 1959, 4 2$, 1 $ (E. Tindall) ;

ex Carolina wren nest, V-10-60, 1 2 (R- Collins). Fox (1940)
gave the eastern hosts of this flea as P. 1. leucopus (Rafinesque)
and M. pennsylvanicus. Burbutis (1956) also listed B. brevicauda
and Mustela frenata noveboracensis (Emmons) as hosts in New
Jersey. Geary (1959) gave an extensive host list of mammals and
noted 1 2 from a bluebird in New York State. It was reported
as the dominant flea of Peromyscus in Eastern Canada by Holland
(1949).

Orchopeas howardii hovuardii (Baker). — Faulkland, New Castle
Co., ex red squirrel, 20 May 1951, 1 Newark, New Castle Co.,
ex red squirrel, 1 (D. MacCreary) ; Thompsonville, Kent Co.,

ex N. c. pennsylvanicus, 23 June 1959, 9 22> 5 ££ (R. F. Darsie).
MacCreary (1945a) reported this flea as Orchopeas wickhami
Baker from the red squirrel. Burbutis (1956) noted the gray
squirrel as its preferred host in New Jersey. He also found it to
parasitize the opossum, D. m. virginiana Kerr, the raccoon, Procyon
lotor (Linnaeus), and the red squirrel T. hudsonicus. Geary
(1959) listed a variety of hosts for O. h. howardii. This, how-
ever, is the first time it has been recorded on the gray squirrel
from Delaware.

Pulex irritans irritans Linnaeus. — Hartly, Kent Co., ex aban-
doned poultry house, 9 June 1960, 5 22 > 3 (D. MacCreary).

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. lvi

Fox (1940) included a variety of hosts for this flea, but Geary
(1959) reported it taken from man alone. Although it has been
recorded from surrounding states, including nearby Oxford and
Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania (Fox), this is the first record from
Delaware.

Stenoponia americana Jordan. — Newark, New Castle Co., ex
P. 1. noveboracensis, 2 Mar. 1959, 1 §; 18 Mar. 1959, 3 J§, 1 £ ;
20 Mar. 1959, 1 13 Apr. 1959, 1 ? (E. Tindall). New Castle

Co., ex B. brevicauda , April, 1939, 1 §; Hockessin, New Castle
Co., ex Peromyscus, Nov. 1939, 1 $ (MacCreary). Fox (1940)
gave as eastern hosts : Evotomys spp., P. 1. noveboracensis , M. p.
pennsylvanicus, “cotton-mouse,” Zapus hudsonius hudsonius (Zim-
merman) and the “Norway-rat.” MacCreary (1945a) also re-
ported it from M. p. pennsylvanicus. Burbutis (1956) found this
flea to parasitize also B. brevicauda and M. pinetorum.

The association of ectoparasites with each other on the same
host animal was determined for the 32 deer mice sampled ; see

Table 2. Record of Association of Ectoparasites
on the host P. leucopus, Delaware, 1959

Species

CQ &)

tq ^ d

5s.

B. simplex X*

1 1

Eu. peromysci

5 1 1 12

H. carnifex

X 1

Resinacarus spp.

H. glasgowi

H. hesperomydis

D. blarinae

E. wenmanni

0. leucopus

S. americana

* “X” denotes that the parasite was never found occurring alone
on the host.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 97

Table 2. Eu. peromysci was the most abundant ectoparasite col-
lected ; occurring the greatest number of times in association with
other species on the host. It was found alone a greater number
of times than any other ectoparasite. H. glasgowi, H. hespero-
mydis and 0. leucopus also appeared with other species in many
instances. Of the fleas, 0. leucopus and E. wenmanni were associ-
ated most often ; however, the mice were much more heavily in-
fested with the former.

List of the Siphonaptera of Delaware and Their Hosts
This is the initial listing of the fleas of Delaware and their hosts,
and although it is not the result of an exhaustive study of the order
it seems appropriate to consolidate the information which is on
hand for the benefit of future workers in the group. To date 14
species of Siphonaptera have been taken from 13 hosts. All are
from mammalian hosts, except Ceratophyllus gallinae (Schrank),
the European chicken flea. Details of this species in Delaware
were given by MacCreary and Catts (1954).

Cediopsylla simplex (Baker)

Marmota monax monax (L), woodchuck
Sylvilagus floridanus (Allen), cottontail rabbit
Ceratophyllus gallinae (Schrank)

Callus gallus Linnaeus, chicken
Ctenocephalides canis (Curtis)

Canis familiarus Linnaeus, dog
Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche)

Homo sapians Linnaeus, man
Ctenophthalmus pseudagyrtes Baker

Blarina hrevicauda (Say), short-tailed shrew
Microtus p. pennsylvanicus (Ord), meadow vole
Microtus p. pinetorum (Lee), Pine vole
Peromyscus /. leucopus (Raf), white-footed mouse
Sylvilagus floridanus (Allen)

Doratopsylla hlarinae C. Fox
Blarina hrevicauda (Say)

Peromyscus l. leucopus (Raf.)

Epitedia wenmanni (Rothschild)

Peromyscus /. leucopus (Raf.)

Megabothris asio asio (Baker)

Microtus p. pennsylvanicus (Ord.)

Odontopsylla multispinosus Baker

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LVI

Sylvilagus floridanus (Allen)

Didelphis virginiana Kerr, opossum
Orchopeas howardii howardii (Baker)

Tamiasciurus hudsonicus loquax (Bangs), red squirrel
Sciurus carolinensis pennsylvanicus Ord., gray squirrel
Orchopeas leucopus (Baker)

Microtus p. pinetorum- (Lee.)

Peromyscus l. leucopus (Raf.)

Oropsylla arctomys (Baker)

Vulpes fulva fulva Desmarest, red fox
Marmota monax monax (L.)

Pulex irritans irritans Linnaeus
Abandoned poultry house
Stenoponia americana (Baker)

Microtus p. pennsylvanicus (Ord.)

Microtus p. pinetorum (Lee.)

Peromyscus l. leucopus (Raf.)

Summary

As a result of this study, seven new ectoparasitic species records
and three new host records have been added to those already re-
ported for Delaware. In addition a Siphonaptera host list has
been compiled for the species of fleas known to occur within the
State. The following species of ectoparasites are new records for
the State: Blarinohia simplex (Ewing), Euschongastia blarinae
(Ewing), Euschongastia peromysci (Ewing), Hirstionyssus carni-
fex (Koch), Resinacarus spp., Hoplopleura hesperomydis (Os-
born), Pulex irritans irritans Linnaeus.

In the spring and fall of 1959, small mammals were trapped from
a hardwood forest in Newark, New Castle Co., and examined for
ectoparasites. Thirty-nine hosts and an abandoned poultry house
yielded a total of 77 3 ectoparasites. Species association, host-
parasite relationship, and literature citations to more detailed
accounts accompany each record.

Literature Cited

Baker, E. W., and G. W. Wharton. 1952. An introduction
to acarology. New York, Macmillan Co., 465 pp.
Burbutis, P. P. 1956. The Siphonaptera of New Jersey.

N. J. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 782: 36 pp.

Cook, E. F. and J. R. Beer. 1959. The immature stages of
the genus Hoplopleura (Anoplura: Hoplopleuridae) in North

Oct., 1961

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 99

America, with descriptions of two new species. Jour. Parasit.
45(4) : 405-416.

Evans, F. C. and R. B, Freeman. 1950. On the relationship
of some mammal fleas to their hosts. Ann. Ent. Soc.
Amer. 43 : 320-333.

Farrell, C. E. 1956. Chiggers of the genus Euschongastia
Acarina : Trombiculidae) in North America. Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus. 106: 85-235.

Ferris, G. F. 1951. The sucking lice. San Francisco, Calif.
Pac. Coast Ent. Soc., 320 pp.

Florschutz, O., Jr. and R. F. Darsie, Jr. 1960. Additional
records of ectoparasites on Delaware mammals. Ent.
News. 71(2) : 45-52.

Fox, I. 1940. Fleas of Eastern United States. Ames, Iowa,
Iowa State College Press, 191 pp.

Geary, J. M. 1959. The fleas of New York. Ithaca, New
York, Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Mem. 355: 104 pp.
Hall, E. R. and K. R. Kelson. 1959. The mammals of North
America. New York, Ronald Press, 2 Vols., 1083 pp.
Holland, G. P. 1949. The Siphonaptera of Canada. Can.

Dept. Agr. Pub. 817 (Tech. Bui. 70) : 306 pp.

Jameson, E. W. Jr. 1950. Hirstionyssus ohsoletus, a new meso-
stigmatic mite from small mammals of the Western
United States (Acarina). Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 63:
31-34.

— — . 1955. A summary of the genera of Myobiidae

(Acarina). Jour. Parasit. 41(4) : 407-416.

Jameson, E. W., Jr. and J. M. Brennan. 1957. An environ-
mental analysis of some ectoparasites of small forest mam-
mals in the Sierra Nevada, California. Ecol. Mono. 27 :
45-54.

MacCreary, D. 1945a. Some ectoparasites, excluding Ixo-
doidea, of Delaware mammals. Jour. Econ. Ent. 38(1) :
126-127.

— — . 1945b. Ticks of Delaware. Del. Agr. Exp. Sta.

Bui. 252 (Tech. 32) : 22 pp.

MacCreary, D. and E. P. Catts. 1954. Ectoparasites of Dela-
ware poultry including a study of litter fauna. Del. Agr.
Exp. Bui. (Tech.) 307 : 22 pp.

Race, S. R. 1956. The Anoplura of New Jersey. Jour. N. Y.
Ent. Soc. 64: 173-184.

100 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LVI

A GYNANDROMORPHIC CRAB SPIDER

By J. F. Anderson1

The majority of American gynandromorphic spiders have been
described by Exline (1938). Kaston, (in press), discusses other
cases of gynandromorphism as well as other types of interesting
anomalies which occur in spiders.

The description which follows concerns a gynandromorphic
Xysticus transversatus (Walckenaer) , which was collected by the
author while sweeping a grassy field in Wethersfield, Connecticut
on May 22, 1960. The asymmetry of the abdomen led to further
examination. It was noted that the palp on what later proved
to be the male side was missing. The specimen was determined
by Dr. B. J. Kaston, Central Connecticut State College, to whom
the author wishes to express his gratitude and appreciation for the
guidance and help given in this study.

Color: The thoracic portion of the median band on the carapace
is tan colored on the left side (male) while on the right side (fe-
male), the color is cream. The lighter areas running medial to the
thoracic margins of the carapace are likewise tan and cream re-
spectively. The legs of the left side are colored like the legs of a
normal male, an orange brown, and those of the right side are
colored like the legs of a normal female, a dull yellow with brown
spots. The right side of the dorsum of the abdomen shows three
light brown areas separated by two transverse bars of a creamy
white color, whereas the left side has three dark orange brown
areas separated by two distinctly white transverse bars. This
difference is similar to the situation reported by Balogh (1936)
in his gynandromorphic salticid, Philaeus chrysops (Poda). The
ventral surface of the abdomen is uniformly cream colored with
numerous brown spots present. The spots of the left side are a
slightly darker brown than those of the right side. There is no
difference in the coloration of the sternum, labium and endites.

Eyes : The eyes do not show any differences with respect to
their size or the spacing between them. Gertsch (1939) reports
that in the female, the median eyes of both rows are separated by
three diameters, and in the male, they are separated by only two
diameters. In the gynandromorph under discussion, the median
eyes of both rows are separated by three diameters.

1 Central Connecticut State College, New Britain, Connecticut.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 101

Chelicerae : The chelicerae are dissimilar with respect to size and
spination. The one on the left side is thinner and shorter than
that of the right side. This type of difference was also found by
Balogh in his gynandromorphic salticid. In addition, thirteen
small to medium sized erect spines arise from the promarginal face
of the right chelicera, and only one medium sized spine and two
small ones appear on the corresponding face of the left chelicera.
From examination of the normal male and female, the extent of
spination of the promarginal faces of the chelicerae appears to be
dependent on sex. The other mouthparts show no differences.

Legs: The leg sizes are shown below with all measurements
in millimeters.

Right

Femur

Pat-tibia

Metatarsus

Tarsus

Total

2.21

2.97

1.63

.86

7.67

2.40

2.78

1.63

.77

7.58

III

1.63

1.92

.86

.77

5.18

1.73

1.92

.96

.77

5.38

Left

Femur

Pat-tibia

Metatarsus

Tarsus

Total

2.69

3.36

2.01

missing

2.78

3.17

2.11

1.15

9.21

III

1.82

1.92

1.15

.67

5.56

1.92

1.15

.86

5.85

As can be seen, the legs on the left side are consistently longer
than the legs of the right side. The legs show another set of
differences and that is spination. Gertsch (1939) reports the
spination of the first leg of the male and female. The gynandro-
morph agrees with this description, with the first left leg character-
istically male and the first right leg characteristically female. The
spines on the female side are also slightly shorter and thicker
than those of the male side.

Abdomen: In normal specimens, the length of the abdomen in
the female is about 1.4 times as much as that of the male and the
width is about 1.2 times as much. The abdomen in the gynandro-
morph exhibits an enlarged right side which in turn leads to a
twisting effect so that the spinnerets are located on the left side of
it and are pointing about 20 degrees to the left of center (Fig. 1).

Spinnerets : The spinnerets, especially the posterior and anterior
pairs, show differences in size which can be seen from the measure-
ments given here in millimeters.

102 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

VoL LVI

Left

Length Width at Base

Anterior .35 .20

Posterior .25 .10

Right

Length Width at Base

.50 .30

.35 .15

Epigynum: Examination of the epigynal area shows develop-
ment of the epigynum only on the right side, a situation which
is similar to that reported by Hackman (1951) in his gynandro-
morphic erigonid Troxochrus scabriculus (Westring) . The median
septum is slightly rotated clockwise due to the torsion of the ab-
domen (Compare Figs. 2 and 3).

Palps: The right palp is present and appears normal for a female.
Although the palp on the left side is missing, it can be surmised
from the other characteristics that this spider is a bilateral
gynandromorph, and that the missing palp is a male one.

References Cited

Balogh, I. J. 1936. Uber eine neue gynandromorphe Spinne,
Philaeus chrysops (Poda). Folia Zool. Hydrob. 9 (1) :
67-68.

Fig. 1, Dorsal view of gynandromorph Xysticus transversatus
(Walckenaer) . Fig. 2, Epigynum of same. Fig. 3, Epigynum of
normal specimen.

Oct., 1961

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 103

Exline, H. 1938. Gynandromorph spiders. Jour. Morph. 63
(3) : 441-472.

Gertsch, W. J. 1939. A revision of the typical crab-spiders
(Misumeninae) of America North of Mexico. Bui. Amer.
Mus. Nat. Hist. 76: 277-442.

Hackman, W. 1951. A gynandromorph of the spider Troxo-
chrus scabriculus Westr. Mem. Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica
27 : 67-69.

Kaston, B. J. 196-. Spider gynandromorphs and intersexes.
(In Press)

THREE NEW SPECIES OF PSILOCORSIS CLEMENS
(LEPIDOPTERA: OECOPHORIDAE) FROM
SOUTHERN ARIZONA

By Ronald W. Hodges1

John G. Franclemont and I collected Lepidoptera in southeastern
Arizona from June 29 through November 11, 1959. Most of the
collecting was done in Madera Canyon, a north-facing canyon, in
the Santa Rita Mountains, Santa Cruz County. Most of the ma-
terial was taken at an elevation of 4880 feet in the chaparral zone
which is intermediate in character between the desert grassland
zone below and the pine zone above. Distinctive trees and shrubs
of the chaparral zone are scrub oaks ( Quercus spp.), sumacs
( Rhus spp.), manzanitas ( Arctostaphylos spp.), sycamores (Pla-
tanus spp.), catclaw ( Acacia greggii) , and junipers ( Juniperus
spp.). A wide variety of herbaceous plants appears during and
after the rainy periods. As a result of the variety of plants present
and the lack of a pure stand of any one species, there is a larger
number of species of Lepidoptera present in this zone than in either
of the adjacent ones. Another factor which augments the number
of species of Lepidoptera found in the area is that during a rainy
summer, when the streams are flowing, there is a tendency for moths
to use the cuts of the major waterways as fly ways. Therefore,
many species of moths from the pine and grassland zones may be

1 Department of Entomology, Cornell University.

104 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LVI

found in the intermediate one.

The summer rains, which began on June 29 in 1959 and con-
tinued through September, were much heavier than normal, with
a resulting “greening up” of the canyon. Concomitant with the
above-average rainfall was a larger number of moths as contrasted
with the number present during the summer of 1960 when the
rains were below normal ( Teste J. G. Franclemont) .

Approximately 35,000 moths were collected and spread during
the 1959 season; of these about 15,000 were Microlepidoptera, with
the Gelechiidae and Blastobasidae predominating. I am gradually
working up the Gelechioidea, and the material will be divided be-
tween the Cornell University Collection and my collection, with the
types of new species being placed in the former.

The two species of P silo cor sis which we collected appear to be
undescribed. Also, Lloyd Martin of the Los Angeles County
Museum has allowed me to describe a third species of Psilocorsis
which he had collected in the Chiricahua Mountains.

Psilocorsis amydra, n. sp.

Head dark tan. Labial palpi : second segment light buff on inner
surface, a row of black scales on ventral surface, followed out-
wardly by a row of buff ones, a row of dark (almost black) scales,
then a series of tan scales on outer surface ; third segment with
alternating rows of black and buff scales : black ventrally and lat-
erally, buff dorsally and at ventro-lateral angles ; apex buff. An-
tennae buff on outer surface, black on inner surface, a row of buff
scales on scape, and two rows of buff scales on shaft ; apex of shaft
tan. Thorax fuscous-brown. Forewings (Fig. 1) fuscous-brown
with an overlay of blackish scales ; a black spot at one-third and
another at two-thirds of distance from base to apex on costal margin
of discal cell ; a fuscous streak from outer edge of disal cell to tornus ;
and a row of black dots, tending to become linear, along outer mar-
gin from apex to dorsal margin beyond tornus. Hindwings fuscous ;
cilia fuscous at apex, lighter elsewhere. Legs : buff ; prothoracic
pair with anterior surface of tibiae dark fuscous-brown, anterior

Explanation of Plate I

Fig. 1, Psilocorsis amydra Hodges, n. sp., type, Madera Canyon,
Santa Cruz Co., Arizona. Fig. 2, P. arguta Hodges, n. sp., type,
Madera Canyon, Santa Cruz Co., Arizona. Fig. 3, P. cirrhoptera
Hodges, n. sp., Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona.

Oct., 1961

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 105

Hodges

Plate I

106 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LVI

surface of first two tarsal segments brown, anterior surface of last
three tarsal segments dark fuscous, and last row of scales on fifth
tarsal segment buff; mesothoracic pair with same color pattern
except that colors are lighter ; mesothoracic pair buff with outer
tibial spurs fuscous, inner ones buff.

Male genitalia: (Figs. 4 and 4a) R.W.H. slide no. 639.

Female genitalia: (Fig. 7) R. W. H. slide no. 640. Signum
with 23 to 27 branches.

Alar expanse: 18-24 mm.

Types : Holotype : female, Madera Canyon, 4880 feet, Santa Rita
Mountains, Santa Cruz Co., Arizona, August 6, 1959 (R. W.
Hodges), [CU Type No. 3731]. Paratypes : 6 males, 19 females,
Madera Canyon, 4880 feet, Santa Rita Mountains, Santa Cruz Co.,
Arizona, July 9 through August 26, 1959 (R. W. Hodges) ; one
female, Madera Canyon, 5600 feet, Santa Rita Mountains, Santa
Cruz Co., Arizona, August 1, 1959 (R. W. Hodges) ; 5 females,
Madera Canyon, 5800 feet, Santa Rita Mountains, Santa Cruz Co.,
Arizona, July 12 through August 1, 1960 (J. G. Franclemont) .

Psilocorsis amydra can be separated from P. faginella (Chamb.)
by the dark tan head contrasting with the fuscous-brown thorax in
amydra, whereas the head and thorax of faginella are concolorous.
The male genitalia of amydra have a patch of cornuti along the
medial section of the vesica, none at the terminal portion of the
vesica as compared with faginella which has a terminal cornutus
and a medial group of cornuti. The ventro-lateral patches of setae
on the genital plate of the female of amydra are composed of 15-20
setae, contrasted with five in each patch in faginella.

Psilocorsis arguta, n. sp.

Head and antennae yellow-brown with same color pattern as
P. amydra. Thorax brown. Forewings (Fig. 2) brown, with
several transverse rows of fuscous-brown scales, and a series of
terminal black dots from apex to tornus ; cilia shining dark fuscous,
composed of two scale rows. Hindwings fuscous, with some veins
outlined with darker scales; cilia fuscous, darker at apex. Legs

Explanation of Plate II

Figs. 4-6, Psilocorsis, ventral view of male genitalia. The scale
of drawing of the aedeagi is twice that of the genitalia. Fig. 4,
P. amydra Hodges, n. sp. Fig. 5, P. cirrhoptera Hodges, n. sp.
Fig. 6, P. arguta Hodges, n. sp.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 10 7

Hodges

Plate II

108 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. lvi

buff; last three tarsal segments of prothoracic legs fuscous-brown
on anterior surface.

Male genitalia: (Figs. 6 and 6a) R.W.H. slide no. 641. The
uncus is partially curved in this preparation ; thus, it appears fore-
shortened. Also, the gnathos is tilted, giving the appearance of
difference ; however, it is nearly the same in outline as the gnathos
of amydra.

Female genitalia: (Fig. 9) R.W.H. slide no. 642. Signum with
25 to 28 branches.

Alar expanse: 18-22 mm.

Types : Holotype : female, Madera Canyon, 5600 feet, Santa Rita
Mountains, Santa Cruz Co., Arizona, August 1, 1959 (R. W.
Hodges), [CU Type No. 37301- Paratypes: 11 males, 16 females,
Madera Canyon, 5600 feet, Santa Rita Mountains, Santa Cruz Co.,
Arizona, August 1 through September 24, 1959 ; 1 1 males, 1 female,
Madera Canyon, 4880 feet, Santa Rita Mountains, Santa Cruz Co.,
Arizona, July 6 through August 23, 1959.

Psilocorsis arguta can be separated from P. faginella by its
slightly yellow-brown forewings ; those of faginella lack the yellow-
ish tone. The transverse markings of the forewings of arguta are
narrow and distinct ; in faginella these markings are wider and
indistinct, often covering most of the forewing. The male genitalia
have three, small terminal cornuti in arguta as contrasted with one,
stout terminal cornutus and a series of short, slender cornuti along
the medial portion of the vesica of faginella. The female genitalia
of arguta have the portion of the genital plate anterior to the ostium
not sharply set off from the posterior portion of the genital plate,
whereas this area is well defined in faginella; and there are 15-20
setae in each ventro-lateral setal patch on the genital plate of arguta,
contrasted with 5 setae in each patch on the genital plate of fagi-
nella.

Psilocorsis cirrhoptera, n. sp.

Head, thorax, wings, abdomen, and legs buff. Labial palpi with
a ventral black line on second segment (stronger distally), and
three black lines on third segment : one on ventral, inner and outer

Explanation of Plate III

Figs. 7-9, Psilocorsis, ventral view of female genitalia. The scale
of P. cirrhoptera is twice that of the other species. Fig. 7, P.
amydra Hodges, n. sp. Fig. 8, P. cirrhoptera Hodges, n. sp. Fig.
9, P. arguta Hodges, n. sp.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 109

Hodges Plate III

cirrhoptera

110 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

VoL LVI

surfaces ; apex buff. Antennae : inner surface of scape with two
black lines separated by a whitish one, buff on outer surface ; inner
surface of shaft with a continuation of black and buff scales, outer
surface buff. Legs with distal tarsal segments fuscous on anterior
surface. Forewings (Fig. 3) with a series of black scale rows; a
black dot on outer margin of discal cell; a row of terminal black
dots from apex to tornus ; cilia of two scale rows, inner one fuscous
from apex to tornus, outer one light fuscous basally, darker distally,
both rows becoming buff at tornus. Hindwings buff.

Male genitalia: (Figs. 5 and 5a) R.W.H. slide no. 728. The
uncus is curved in the preparation ; thus, it appears foreshortened.

Female genitalia: (Fig. 8) R.W.H. slide no. 645. Signum with
19 branches.

Alar expanse: 18-21 mm.

Types : Holotype : female, Upper Camp, Pinery Canyon, Chiri-
cahua Mountains, Cochise Co., Arizona, July 4, 1956 (Lloyd M.
Martin, John A. Comstock, William A. Rees), [Los Angeles
County Museum]. Paratypes: 11 males, 11 females, Upper Camp,
Pinery Canyon, Chiricahua Mountains, Cochise Co., Arizona, July
3-6, 1956 (Lloyd M. Martin, John A. Comstock, William A.
Rees) ; one male, Upper Camp, Pinery Canyon, Chiricahua Moun-
tains, Cochise Co., Arizona, June 27, 1955 (Lloyd Martin).

P silo cor sis cirrhoptera can be separated from P. faginella by the
former being light buff in color ; faginella is brown. The transverse
markings on the forewings of cirrhoptera are narrow and sharp,
whereas those of faginella tend to be wide and indistinct. The
male genitalia of cirrhoptera lack a medial patch of cornuti but have
a terminal patch of them ; contrasted with those of faginella which
have a medial patch of cornuti and a single terminal one in the
vesica.

The males of the new species can be separated from one another
by the male genitalia : amydra has a medial patch of cornuti in the
vesica (Fig. 4a) ; cirrhoptera has six or seven terminal cornuti but
lacks the medial ones (Fig. 5a) ; and arguta has two or three ter-
minal cornuti but lacks the medial patch. The females can be
separated as follows : arguta has the ductus bursae less than three
times as long as the signum ; the ductus bursae of amydra and
cirrhoptera is more than three times the length of the signum ; in
amydra the portion of the genital plate anterior to the ostium is
sharply set off from the rest of the genital plate ; and in cirrhoptera
the portion of the genital plate anterior to the ostium is not sharply
set off from the rest of the genital plate.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 111

Key to the Species of Psilocorsis based primarily
on Coloration2

8.
9.

Forewings with a broad, dark transverse fascia at

outer two-thirds obsoletella (Zeller)

Forewings without such a fascia 2

Forewings with distinct purplish luster; species

dark colored 3

Forewings without purplish luster, or if this is present, it is

only faintly indicated 4

Alar expanse 19 mm fletcherella Gibson

Altar expanse 18 mm. or less ■ . caryae Clarke

Alar expanse 18 mm. or more 5

Alar expanse 16 mm. or less quercicella Clemens

Forewings with dark markings confined to outer discal spot
and a few spots around termen

faginella (Chambers) (part)

Forewings otherwise 6

Thorax much darker than head 7

Thorax and head nearly concolorous 8

Forewings ochreous, overlaid with reddish fuscous

reflexella Clemens

Forewings fuscous-brown amydra , n. sp.

Forewings light buff cirrhoptera, n. sp.

Forewings yellow-brown or brown 9

Forewings yellow-brown arguta, n. sp.

Forewings brown faginella (Chambers) (part)

Paratypes of the three species, as they are available, will be de-
posited in the following collections : Cornell University, Los An-
geles Co. Museum, United States National Museum, Canadian
National Collection, British Museum of Natural History, Cali-
fornia Academy of Sciences, J. G. Franclemont, and my personal
collection.

Grateful acknowledgment is made to the Grace H. Griswold
Fund of the Department of Entomology of Cornell University for
assuming the expense of engraving the plates.

2 Adapted from Clarke, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 90, no. 3107, 1941.

112 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LVI

THE GENUS HODOPHYLAX JAMES (DIPTERA:
ASILIDAE)

By Joseph Wilcox1

The genus Hodophylax James was erected in 1933 for the species
aridus , from Colorado. Pritchard in 1938 described basing eri from
a female specimen from California. In this paper two species
are described as new, the male of basingeri is described, and a key
to the species is given. All references to the genus are given under
aridus.2

Hodophylax belongs in the subfamily Dasypogoninae and to the
group with a twisted spine at the apex of the fore tibiae. With
the pulvilli lacking or atrophied, it can only be confused with
Omniablautus Pritchard or Parataracticus Cole. These genera
have the mystax extending to the antennae (composed of sparse
bristles in Parataracticus and dense hairs in Omniablautus) , and
both have strong dorsocentral and scutellar bristles. In Hodophy-
lax the mystax is confined to the lower half of the face, the
dorsocentral bristles can hardly be distinguished from the hairs,
and the scutellar bristles are weak.

Key to the Species

1. Scutellum wholly pollinose ; style two-thirds length of third

antennal segment ; tibiae and tarsi black ; face at antennae

three-fourths width of one eye 2

Scutellum laterally bare of pollen ; style not more than one-half
length of third antennal segment ; tibiae and tarsi dorsally
reddish ; face at antennae two-thirds width of one eye . . 3

2. Lower one-fourth of face bare of pollen ; hairs of mystax lat-

erally extending one-third distance of antennae; pollinose
fasciae on abdominal segments 2-4 entire or nearly so and
2-5 with a central vertical pollinose stripe or spot ; mesonotal
hairs sparse, appressed and not larger than first antennal

segment; length 9-10 mm. (Calif.) halli

Face wholly pollinose ; hairs of mystax extending one-half dis-

1 21171 Mohler Place, Anaheim, California.

2 I am indebted to the following for the loan of specimens :
Charles H. Martin, Oregon State College and including material
from the University of Arizona and University of California
(Davis) ; P. H. Timberlake, University of California (Riverside) ;
and Willis W. Wirth, U. S. National Museum.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 113

tance to antennae ; pollinose fasciae interrupted on all ab-
dominal segments ; mesonotal hairs semierect and as long or
longer than the first two antennal segments ; length 5-9 mm.

(Calif., Ariz.) basingeri

3. Scutellum narrowly bare of pollen at sides : female abdominal
segments 2-4 with entire pollinose fasciae leaving a bare spot
on either side anteriorly and a rounded spot at the middle
posteriorly, male segments 2-3 similar but segments 4-5
wholly pollinose; length 7 mm. (Colo., Ariz., Kans., N. M.,

Texas) aridus

Scutellum broadly bare of pollen laterally ; pollinose fasciae of
both sexes broadly interrupted on abdominal segments 1-5 ;
length 6-8 mm. (Ariz., N. Mex.) tolandi

H odophylax aridus James

Hodophylax aridus James, 1933, Amer. Mus. Novitates 596: 1-2.
Ablautus mcgregori Bromley, 1934, Ann. Ent. Soc. America 27
(1) : 88. ( New Synonymy)

Hodophylax aridus James, 1934, Pan-Pac. Ent. 10 (2. : 83-84.
Hodophylax aridus , Pritchard, 1938, Pan-Pac. Ent. 14 (3) : 129-
130.

Originally described from a single female from Crowley, Colo.,
1 Sept. 1932 (M. T. James). Ablautus mcgregori was described
from a single male from Uvalde Co., Texas, 12 Sept. 1932 (S. E.
McGregor). The late S. W. Bromley recognized mcgregori as a
synonymn of aridus but there appears to be no previous published
record. James described the allotype male from Boone, Colo.,
5000', 17 Aug. 1928 (R. H. Painter) and recorded specimens from
Hamilton Co., Kans., 4000', 6 Aug. 1928 (Painter). Pritchard
reported specimens from Artesia, N. M., 30 Aug. 1934 (A. E.
Pritchard), and Willcox, Ariz., 30 Aug. 1934 (T. F. Winburn
and Painter).

Specimens have been seen from the following additional locali-
ties: Hidalgo Co., Texas, 13 Sept. 1933 (S. W. Bromley) ; Will-
cox, Ariz., Cochise Co., 18 and 20 Aug. 1958 (R. M. Bohart, G.
B. Pitman, D. D. Linsdale) ; Wenden, Ariz., Yuma Co., 13 Sept.
1954 and Picacho Pass, Pima Co., 13 Sept. 1954 (J. C. Hall).

Hodophylax basingeri Pritchard

Hodophylax basingeri Pritchard, 1938, Pan-Pac. Ent. 14 (3) :
130-131.

Described from a single female specimen from Quail Spring,

114 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LVI

San Bernardino Co., Cal., 5 Oct. 1934 (A. J. Basinger), in the
Basinger Collection.

Male: Length 7 mm. Very similar to female. Six or 7 hairs
on either side of the scutellum apically. Pollinose spots on the
abdomen confined to the posterior corners of segments 1-5 and
lateral margins of segments 2-4 but not following the posterior
margin toward the middle as in the female. Small genitalia brown.
Halteres yellowish. Wing veins brownish to yellowish, anterior
crossvein beyond middle of discal cell.

Hypotype : Male, Twentynine Palms, San Bernardino Co., Cal.
17 Sept. 1948 (J. Wilcox) ; in the Wilcox Collection.

Other specimens seen or taken in the following localities:
Arizona; Ehrenberg, 22 Oct. 1956 (M. W. Stone and Wilcox) ;
25 mi. E. Gila Bend, 30 Sept. 1955 (G. D. Butler). California:
Indio, 17 Sept. 1947 (A. F. Howland and Wilcox) ; Julian, San
Diego Co., 18 Sept. 1938 (W. N. Burdick) ; White Water (Palm
Springs R.R. Station), 17 Sept. 1948, 10 Nov. 1942, 11 Nov.
1941 (Wilcox) ; 7, 10 and 10.5 mi. W. Blythe, 2 Oct. 1954 (P. H.
Timberlake, J. C. Hall).

Hodophylax tolandi, n. sp.

Male: Length 6 mm. Head black, gray pollinose, hairs and
bristles white or yellowish. Mystax short, confined to the oral
margin but with short white hairs above on face. Antennae black,
the second segment yellowish red ; first two segments and style
subequal in length, the third 1 J4 times the length of the first two
segments.

Mesonotum brown and black, gray pollinose, the central stripe
and intermediate area brown. Short recumbent hairs white,
bristles white, 2-3 presutural, 3 supraalar and 2 postalar, about 7
dorsocentrals but hardly distinguishable from the hairs. Pleurae
shining black, propleurae, mesopleurae above, sternopleurae be-
hind and postscutellum densely gray pollinose ; hypopleural fringe
white. Scutellum brown, the margin black, short white haired and
with two pair of white marginal bristles.

Abdomen dark brown becoming lighter apically, short sparse
hairs white and with 3-4 white lateral bristles on first segment.
Sides of segments 1-5 gray pollinose, slightly following the poste-
rior margin toward the middle on segments 3-4. Genitalia brown.

Legs reddish brown, tip of femora and venter of tibiae black;
hairs and bristles white except bristles at tip of tibiae and below
on tarsi black ; claws black, empodium yellowish white.

Halteres brown ; alulae brown, margin and fringe white. Wings

Oct., 1961

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 115

hyaline, basal cells with a tinge of brown, veins light to dark brown.
Posterior and anal cells open, anterior crossvein at the middle of
the discal cell.

Female: length 8 mm. Very Similar. Abdominal segments
1-3 and 6-7 and apical spines dark brown, segments 4-5 light
brown.

Holotype: Male, Shumway, Arizona, 30 Aug. 1947 (J. Wilcox),
Cal. Acad. Sci.

Allotype: Female, same data (Guy F. Toland), C.A.S.

Paratypes 6 4 J$, type locality, 1 Sept. 1959 (Wilcox) ;

1 J, 18 mi. N. Rodeo, N. M., Hidalgo Co., 25 Aug. 1958 (D. D.
Linsdale), University of California, Davis.

Hodophylax halli, n. sp.

Male: Length 9 mm. Head black, lower face, cheeks, palpi and
proboscis shining ; otherwise densely silvery white pollinose. Hairs
and bristles white: mystax composed of bristles on oral margin
and hairs on either side extending one-third distance to antennae;
frons with dense proclinate hairs ; ocellar tubercle with sparse erect
hairs and about 10 bristles. Face at antennae slightly less and
the frons at the vertex slightly more than the width of one eye.
First two antennal segments brownish and gray pollinose with
white hairs (one strong bristle below on second antennal segment
in other specimens), subequal in length, the first narrower than
the second ; the third and style black, the third 1 y2 times length of
first two, the style two-thirds the length of the third.

Mesonotum black, the humeri and postalar callosities brown;
densely white pollinose, the bisected central stripe and the inter-
mediate area brown. Hairs and bristles white, sparse appressed
hairs subequal in length to the first antennal segment ; 2-3 post-
humerals, 3 presuturals, 2 supraalars, 3 postalars, and about 3
weak posterior dorsocentrals. Pleurae and coxae densely white
pollinose, with a diagonal bare black area extending from the
sternopleurae to the pteropleurae ; hairs white. Scutellum yellow-
ish gray pollinose with 3 weak marginal bristles on either side.

Abdomen black, brown posteriorly on the apical segments ; sides
of segments 1-6 gray pollinose becoming broader apically, the
narrow anterior margin of 2 and the posterior margin of 2-5
interrupted at the middle but with a dorsal vertical pollinose line
on 2-5 and a round central spot on 6. Short sparse hairs white,
bristles white about 6 on each side of first segment. Genitalia
brown, white haired. Venter white pollinose.

Legs black, the basal five-sixths of the femora yellowish red.

116 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. lvi

Hairs white, rather dense appressed on tibiae and tarsi ; bristles
white, those below on the tarsi largely black ; claws black ; empodia
short, white.

Halteres yellowish, lower stem brown ; alulae yellowish, margin
white. Wings hyaline, veins brown, anterior crossvein at four-
sevenths the length of the discal cell, anal cell narrowly open,
fourth posterior cell slightly narrowed.

Female: Length 9 mm. Similar to male. Five marginal hairs
on either side of scutellum. Sides of abdominal segments 1-5
pollinose, on segments 2-4 the pollen follows the posterior margin
to near the middle and on segment 4 connects with the central
spot, central spots more rounded than in male and present on
segments 2, 3 and 5 ; apical spines black.

Holotype: Male, Walker Pass, Kern Co., Calif., 21 Sept. 1957
(H. R. Moffitt), University of California (Davis).

Allotype : Female, same locality, 22 Sept. 1957 (J. C. Hall),
University of Calif. (Davis).

Paratypes: 7 33 5?, same data and collectors and (E. I.

Schlinger) ; 1 $, 11 mi. S. Adelanto, Calif., 25 Sept. 1959 (Wilcox).

TORRE-BUENO’S GLOSSARY OF
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Monographs from Entomologica Americana
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Vol. LVI

BULLETIN

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GEORGE S. TULLOCH JAMES A. SLATER

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OFFICERS 1960-61
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CONTENTS

A NEW LIMNOGONUS FROM AUSTRALIA
(HEMIP.: GERRIDAE), Hungerford and Matsuda ... 117

UNDESCRIBED NEMATOCEROUS DIPTERA, PART

X, Alexander 121

A DRIPLESS DISPENSING BOTTLE, Hanson 127

A JAMAICAN NEOEMPHERIA (DIPTERA: MY-
CETOPHILIDAE), Coher 128

NEW SPECIES OF HYDROPTILIDAE (TRICHOP-
TERA), Blickle 131

THE NEW CODE— A LETTER FROM PROF.
BRADLEY 134

TORR E-BUENO’S GLOSSARY SUPPLEMENT,

T ulloch 136

CONTENTS AND SPECIES INDEX 137

Bulletin o£ the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Published in

February, April, June, October and December of each year

BULLETIN

OF THE

BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Vol. LVI DECEMBER, 1961 No. 5

A NEW SPECIES OF LIMNOGONUS FROM
AUSTRALIA (HEMIPTERA: GERRIDAE)1

By Herbert B. Hungerford and Ryuichi Matsuda

Limnogonus windi, n. sp.

(Plate I, figs. A, B ; Plate II, a to e)

Size: Length of wingless male 5.25 to 5.50 mm.; width across
head 1.30 to 1.36 mm.; width across mesoacetabula 2.10 mm.
Length of wingless female 6.85 mm. ; width across head 1.50 mm. ;
width across mesoacetabula 2.69 mm.

Color : General facies cinnamon brown, only dark markings on
head, anterior lobe of pronotum, metanotum and dorsal abdominal
segments being dark brown to black. Pronotum bordered by a pale
yellowish line, two reddish yellow lines on anterior lobe, median
longitudinal pale line nearly effaced caudally, posterior lobe of pro-
notum and broad band on sides of mesothorax cinnamon brown,
sometimes with a slender dark submarginal line below the margin
of pronotum. Mesopleuron beneath the broad cinnamon brown band
with a dark brown band, beneath which is a broad dark area com-
pletely hidden by a silvery pile of hairs. Venter yellowish white.
Metanotum and abdominal tergites black with a median pale spot
on some of tergites. Tergites and dorsal surfaces of second, third,
and sometimes fourth abdominal segments covered by a silvery pile.

Structural characteristics : Relative lengths of antennal segments
of a male, 1st : 2nd : 3rd : 4th : : 80 : 47 : 42 : 512

1 Contribution No. 1102 from the Department of Entomology,
University of Kansas. This report is a by-product of a project
conducted with the aid of a grant from the National Science Foun-
dation.

2 20 units are equal to 0.42 mm.

117

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Table 1. Relative lengths of leg segments of a male

Femur

Tibia

First

tarsal

segment

Second

tarsal

segment

Total
length
of tarsus

Front leg

102

Middle leg

258

230

115

Hind leg

278

145

Table 2.

Relative lengths of leg segments of a female

First

Second

Total

Femur

Tibia

tarsal

length

segment

of tarsus

Front leg

125

110

Middle leg

325

300

108

132

Hind leg

330

180

Front femur in male broadest across basal third, nearly twice the
diameter of its distal end, with a shallow longitudinal sulcus on its
lower margin (Fig. 1, b). Front femur in female (Fig. 1, c)
slightly broader at basal third than at apex and nearly straight. An-
terior lobe of pronotum somewhat elevated hut medially depressed
to enclose two parallel pale spots. Lateral margin of pronotum con-
cave behind anterior lobe, its caudal margin broadly rounded. Con-
nexivum of female broad and reflexed over abdomen as shown in
Plate 1, Fig. 2. Male ventral abdominal segments short, basal four
segements being subequal to metasternum in length. Male genital
segments (Fig. 1, d) not longer than abdominal venter. Abdomen
of female plainly shorter than head and pronotum together, caudal
margin of last ventral abdominal segment (Fig. 1, e) not medially
produced.

Comparative notes: This species is near L. cheesmani Lundblad,
from which it differs in not having the median projection on the
ventral caudal margin of the first genital segment in male and on the
ventral caudal margin of the seventh abdominal segment in female.

Types : Male wingless holotype, female wingless allotype and one
male paratopotype bearing the labels “Australia, 8-12-38, R. G.
Wind” and “N. Queensland, Barron River” are in the Francis
Huntington Snow Museum, University of Kansas.

Dec., 1961 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 119

Plate I. Limnogonus windi Hungerford and Matsuda. Fig. A,
Wingless male. Fig. B, Wingless female.

Hungerford and Matsuda

Plate I

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Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LVI

Hungerford and Matsuda Plate II

Plate II. Limnogonus windi. Fig. a, Side view of male front leg.
Fig. b, Lower margin of male front femur. Fig. c, Side view of fe-
male front leg. Fig. d, Ventral view of male apical abdominal seg-
ments. Fig. e, Ventral view of female apical abdominal segments.

121

Dec., 1961 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

UNDESCRIBED SPECIES OF NEMATOCEROUS
DIPTERA.

PART X.1

By Charles P. Alexander, Amherst, Mass.

The preceding part under this general title appeared in Decem-
ber 1960 (Bui. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 55: 114-120). At this time 1
am describing further new species of Trichoceridae from the
Himalayas where they were taken by Dr. Fernand Schmid, to
whom I express my continued thanks for invaluable co-operation
in making known the rich fauna of this area. One additional species
of Blepharoceridae from southern Argentina was taken by Mr.
Serge S. Schachovskoy, who has added materially to our knowledge
of the fauna of southern South America.

TRICHOCERIDAE

Trichocera bellula, n.sp.

Size medium (wing of male 7-7.5 mm.) ; general coloration
plumbeous ; legs brownish black, femoral bases obscure yellow ;
wings tinged with yellow, the prearcular and costal regions clear
light yellow, remainder of wing with transverse brown areas, more
numerous in cell 1st A and the outer radial field ; abdomen brownish
black ; cerci elongate ; male hypopygium with the dististyle simple,
gonapophysis long and slender, the base relatively narrow.

Male: Length about 5-5.5 mm. ; wing 7-7.5 mm. ; antenna about
3.5 mm.

Female: Length about 5.5-6 mm. ; wing 8-8.5 mm. ; antenna
about 3.7 mm.

Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae black, apex of pedicel paler,
outer segments pale ; first flagellar segment stout, about one-third
longer than the second. Head plumbeous.

Thorax black, sparsely pruinose to appear dull plumbeous,
praescutum with four faintly indicated darker stripes. Halteres
with stem obscure yellow, knob dark brown. Legs with coxae and
trochanters brownish black ; femora dark brown to brownish
black, bases obscure yellow, more extensive on the hind legs ; tibiae
dark brown, tarsi passing into black. Wings tinged with yellow,
the prearcular and costal regions clear light yellow, unpatterned ;
remainder of wing with relatively sparse light brown spots in most

1 Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory, University of
Massachusetts.

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Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LVI

cells, more numerous in outer cells and 1st A, very sparse to vir-
tually lacking in M, Cu and R; larger areas at origin of Rs, r—m
and outer end of cell 1st M2; smaller spots transverse, with about
three to five in each of the outer radial cells and 1st A, fewer in
Cu and outer medial cells, cell 2nd A unpatterned ; the Churong
paratype has the dark areas somewhat more numerous, especially
in the outer medial field ; veins light brown, in the brightened fields
more yellowed. Macrotrichia of veins short to very short, lacking
on basal half or more of M and bases of Sc, Rs , Cu and 1st A,
lacking on 2nd A. Venation: R2+3+A shorter than R2 + 3 , more
rarely subequal; in one paratype with R2 + 3 + u very short, less than
the basal section of R5; cell 1st M2 relatively short, cell M3 sub-
equal to or longer than its petiole, m-cu before fork of M3+u; cell
2nd A relatively narrow.

Abdomen, including genitalia, brownish black. Ovipositor with
cerci elongate, the outer half or more narrowed, tip narrowly
obtuse, with an elongate seta. Male hypopygium with dististyle
simple, vestiture relatively sparse. Basistyle with ventromesal lobe
contiguous or confluent at midline with the opposite side. Gona-
pophyses long and slender, bases relatively narrow.

Habitat: North India (Sikkim).

Holotype: Gopetang, in Rhododendron association, 12,200

feet, 10 Oct. 1959 (Fernand Schmid). Allotype: <j>, Tangshing,
in Rhododendron association, 14,100 feet, 6 Oct. 1959. Paratypes:
2 with the allotype ; 1 J, Churong, in Rhododendron associa-
tion, 12,400 feet, 8 Oct. 1959 (Fernand Schmid).

T richocera bellula is readily told from other regional species hav-
ing patterned wings by the coloration of the legs and abdomen and
especially by the coloration and pattern of the wings. The most
similar such species include T. punctipennis Brunetti and T.
superna, n.sp.

Trichocera percincta, n.sp.

General coloration of thorax brownish black ; basal segments of
antennae yellowed, first flagellar segment short and stout ; head
huffy brown, vertical tubercle darkened ; knobs of halteres black-
ened ; legs obscure yellow ; wings strongly yellowed, with narrow
but conspicuous brown seams at origin of Rs, cord and outer end
of cell 1st M2 ; R 2 + 3 short, subequal to R2; cell M3 deep, its petiole
subequal to or shorter than m; abdomen dark brown, segments two
to five with posterior borders broadly obscure yellow ; ovipositor
with cerci light horn colored.

Male: Length about 6.5-6. 7 mm.; wing 7-7.4 mm.; antenna
3. 3-3. 8 mm.

Dec., 1961 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

123

Female: Length about 7-8 mm.; wing 7—9 mm.; antenna
3.8-4 mm.

Rostrum black, mouthparts horn colored, palpi black. Antennae
approximately one-half the length of wing; scape brownish yellow,
pedicel clearer yellow, flagellum brownish black, outer segments
paler ; first flagellar segment relatively short and stout, slightly
longer than the slender second and third. Head huffy brown,
vertical tubercle darkened.

Pronotal scutum dark brown in front, its posterior border and
the scutellum paler brown. Mesonotal praescutum and scutal lobes
chiefly brownish black, posterior border of scutum, most of scutel-
lum and anterior part of mediotergite light brown, remainder of
pleurotergite dark brown; central part of mediotergite broadly de-
pressed, probably an abnormal condition. Pleura chiefly brownish
black, paler beneath the wing root. Halteres with stem pale, knob
blackened. Legs with coxae brownish yellow, outer tarsal seg-
ments darker. Wings with the ground strongly yellowed, particu-
larly the prearcular and costal fields ; a dark brown pattern that is
restricted to narrow seams over certain of the veins, including the
origin of Rs, Sc2, R2 and adjoining veins, cord and outer end of
cell 1st M2; more restricted darkenings in outer end of cell R2,
fork of M1 + 2 and at tip of vein 2nd A; veins brownish yellow, darker
in the patterned areas, Cu2 light yellow. Macrotrichia of veins
relatively short, lacking on bases of Sc, M and 1st A; 2nd A with
from four to ten trichia at near midlength; no trichia on r-m; about
five small punctures on 5Y near h, the outer two larger. Venation :
Sc i ending opposite Rz, Sc2 about opposite one-third Rs; R2 + 3
short, slightly elevated, subequal to R2 and only about one-third
R2+3+u; cell of type deep, its petiole subequal to or shorter than
m, in a paratype cell AG is about one-half longer than its petiole ;
m-cu about one-half its length before fork M3+u; cell 2nd A rela-
tively narrow.

Abdomen dark brown, posterior borders of segments two to five
broadly and conspicuously obscure yellow, the color less evident
on the sixth segment. Ovipositor with cerci light horn color, rela-
tively slender, outer half narrowed and decurved. Male hypopyg-
ium with a very small basal tubercle on dististyle. Gonapophysis
long and slender.

Habitat: North India (Sikkim).

Holotype: 5, Yangsap, in Rhododendron association, 13,120 feet,
9 Oct. 1959 (Fernand Schmid). Allotype: J', Dzongri, in Rhodo-
dendron association, 13,222 feet, 14 Apr. 1959. Paratypes: 1 J,
Gey, in Rhododendron association, 11,650 feet, 18 May 1959; 1 J,

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Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society VoL LVI

Sidwani, 1150 feet, 1 May 1959 (Schmid).

Trichocera percincta is most similar to the Holarctic T. maculi-
pennis Meigen, differing especially in the coloration and venation
of the wings.

Trichocera superna, n.sp.

Size large (wing of male about 10 mm.) ; general coloration of
thorax plumbeous, the praescutum with an intermediate pair of
darker stripes ; legs brownish black to black ; wings whitened, with
a conspicuous brown and gray pattern, the latter chiefly in the outer
radial and medial fields; basad of cord with major brown areas at
origin of Rs and tip of vein 2nd A.

Male: Length about 6-6.5 mm.; wing 9-10 mm. ; antenna about
3.2-3. 5 mm.

Female: Length about 7.5 mm.; wing 11 mm.; antenna about
3.8 mm.

Rostrum dark brown, palpi black. Antennae relatively short,
black, paler outwardly ; first flagellar segment about one-third
longer than the second or third ; verticils and vestiture short. Head
brown, vertical tubercle darker ; sides of posterior vertex with long
erect black setae.

Pronotum and mesonotum black, sparsely pruinose to appear
plumbeous, praescutum with two slightly darker and more shiny
intermediate stripes, the lateral pair less evident, setae of praescu-
tum and scutum long and conspicuous. Pleura plumbeous. Hal-
teres with stem light brown, knob blackened. Legs with coxae
blackened plumbeous ; remainder of legs uniformly brownish black
to almost black. Wings whitened, prearcular and costal fields
slightly more yellowed ; a large subquadrate brown spot at origin
of Rs, with a smaller similar area over r-m; paler brownish gray
areas at R2 and as a series of more or less confluent spots and clouds
in the outer radial cells, normally including three or more in cells
Ru and R5, more reduced in some specimens ; similar washes at
forks of R2+3+u and M1 + 2, outer end of cell 1st M2 and in Cu , with
still fewer clouds in outer medial cells ; a cloud at tip of vein 2nd A
but without spots elsewhere in the Anal field ; in the holotype with
vague washes in base of cell R, center of M and near outer end
of 1st A; veins brown, Sc, R and Cu slightly more yellowed.
Macrotrichia of veins unusually small but numerous, lacking on
2nd A and extensively on bases of Sc, M and 1st A, in the holotype
and one paratype lacking on M. Venation: Rz+3+u and R2 + 3 sub-
equal or the former a little longer ; cell Mj slightly longer than its
petiole; m-cu before fork of M3+Jf, in cases to one-third its length;
cell 2nd A broad.

Dec., 1961 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

125

Abdomen dark brown, posterior borders of segments slightly
darker, outer segments and hypopygium more uniformly blackened.
Ovipositor with cerci yellow, very broad and leaflike, only a little
longer than wide, tips broadly obtuse. Male hypopygium with the
dististyle simple, without basal tubercle ; a concentration of longer
setae on outer half ; ventromesal lobes of basistyles broadly contigu-
ous at midline. Gonapophysis moderately long and slender, nar-
rowed to the acute tip.

Habitat: North India (Sikkim).

Holotype: J1, Tangshing, in Rhododendron association, 14,100
feet, 6 Oct. 1959 (Fernand Schmid). Allotopotype : Para-

types : 4

Trichoc era superna superficially is most similar to T. puncti-
pennis Brunetti (a synonym of T. versicolor Loew, according to
Edwards), differing evidently in the coloration of the legs and
wings. Although the male hypopygium does not show particularly
distinctive features the structure of the ovipositor is noteworthy.

Trichocera variata, n.sp.

General coloration of mesonotum brownish gray, the praescutum
with four darker brown stripes, mesonotal scutellum partly or en-
tirely yellow ; knobs of halteres brownish black ; femora brown,
tips vaguely paler, tibiae and tarsi brownish black to black ; wings
weakly tinged with brown, in cases slightly patterned with darker;
numerous macrotrichia on vein Sc; 2nd A with about two trichia
at near midlength ; male hypopygium with the dististyle simple,
gonapophysis long and bladelike.

Male: Length about 5.5-6 mm. ; wing 5.5-7 mm. ; antenna about
3.5-4 mm.

Rostrum dark brown ; palpi black, elongate. Antennae with
scape and pedicel brownish yellow, proximal flagellar segments
brownish black, the outer ones pale ; basal flagellar segment a little
shorter than the combined second and third. Head brown.

Pronotum brown, scutellum yellowed. Mesonotal praescutum
brownish gray, with four darker brown stripes, the intermediate
pair confluent in front ; scutal lobes dark brown, the broad median
area light brown ; scutellum of type darkened basally, apex broadly
yellow, in the paratypes, scutellum entirely yellow ; postnotum
brownish yellow. Pleura chiefly dark brown. Halteres with stem
whitened, knob brownish black. Legs with coxae and trochanters
brownish yellow ; femora light brown to brown, tips vaguely and
narrowly paler ; tibiae and tarsi brownish black to black. Wings
weakly tinged with brown, stigma and a very narrow seam over r-m

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Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society VoL LVI

darker brown ; vein Cu broadly seamed with somewhat paler brown ;
veins brown. In some paratypes, the darkened pattern other than
the stigma is lacking. Macrotrichia of veins relatively abundant, Sc
with several tiny punctures on either side of h, the succeeding sec-
tion lacking these ; before midlength to origin of Rs with a sparse
series of small setae, these becoming more numerous outwardly ;
Rs with trichia to near base ; r-m without trichia in holotype but
with several on a paratype (from Rata) ; vein 2nd A with one or
two trichia at near midlength. Venation: Scx ending beyond fork
of R2 + 3+4 but before R2; petiole of cell Mx from about one and one-
half to nearly twice r-m; vein 2nd A subangularly bent into margin
beyond midlength.

Abdominal tergites dark brown, basal sternites darkened, the
narrow bases brownish yellow. Male hypopygium with coxal
bridge pale at midline but entire. Dististyle simple, with long pale
setae on outer face, setulae of mesal face abundant, curved slightly
cephalad. Gonapophysis long and bladelike.

Habitat: North India (Kumaon, Uttar Pradesh).

Holotype: J1, Kulara, Pauri Garhwal, 12,000 feet, 3 Aug. 1958
(Fernand Schmid). Partaypes: J', Rata, Almora, 11,000 feet,
14 Sept. 1958; 2 Trijugi, Pauri Garhwal, 7000 feet, 26 May
1958; J*, Gangrea, Pauri Garhwal, 7500-10,000 feet, 12 June 1958;

Tapoban, Pauri Garhwal, 7300 feet, 2 Aug. 1958 (Fernand
Schmid) .

The present fly is closely related to Trichoc era regelationis
(Linnaeus), differing in slight details of coloration and wing trichi-
ation. In regelationis , vein 2nd A has numerous macrotrichia, in-
cluding some basad of the internal crossvein.

BLEPHAROCERIDAE

Edwardsina imperatrix, n.sp.

Size very large (wing of female 16 mm.) ; general coloration of
thorax reddish brown, praescutum striped with gray; maxillary
palpi 4-segmented, first segment long and slender, near equal to
the combined remaining segments ; femora yellow, tips narrowly
brownish black ; wings subhyaline, stigmal region elongate, yellow ;
spur of Rs very long ; vein M2 preserved as a basal spur.

Female: Length about 11 mm.; wing 16 mm.

Rostrum elongate, subequal to the vertical diameter of the head ;
maxillary palpi 4-segmented, first segment long and slender, nearly
as long as the remaining segments combined ; third segment about
one-half the second ; terminal segment elongate, about one-half

Dec., 1961 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 12 7

longer than the third ; labial palpi short, ending far before apex of
labrum. Antennae black ; terminal segment subequal in length to
the penultimate, pointed at tip. Head with vertex reddish brown,
clypeus pale, white pruinose, orbits and genae broadly whitish gray ;
ocelli widely separated, especially the posterior pair.

Pronotum light gray, paler laterally. Mesothorax with the
ground reddish brown, very heavily pruinose, on praescutum form-
ing gray stripes that are more whitened posteriorly. Halteres with
stem yellow, knob large, brownish black. Legs with coxae reddish,
pruinose ; trochanters yellow ; femora yellow, tips narrowly but
conspicuously brownish black, the amount subequal on all legs ;
tibiae and tarsi more uniformly yellow, terminal tarsal segment
black. Wings subhyaline ; stigmal region yellow, elongate ; veins
black, paler at wing base and in stigmal area. Venation: Spur of
Rs very long, about three-fifths the length of cell R; vein M2 pre-
served as a spur, nearly as long as either Rs or r-m.

Abdominal tergites broadly cinnamon brown on sides, light
silvery gray medially, this color becoming more extensive on the
outer segments ; sternites more extensively whitened ; ovipositor
light fulvous.

Habitat: Argentina (Neuquen).

Holotype: 5, Lago Lacar, 650 meters, 15 Oct. 1953 (Serge
Schachovskoy) .

Edwardsina imperatrix is the largest known species of the genus,
being approached in size by the entirely distinct E. argentinensis
Alexander. The presence of vein M2 as a short spur is of particu-
lar interest.

A dripless dispensing bottle. For several years I have been
using a screw-top glass bottle with a neck and lip cleverly designed
so as to “suck” that last drop back into the bottle. The easily ob-
tainable 12 ounce Vermont Maid maple syrup bottle is of this type.
After its original contents have been enjoyed and the label soaked
off, this bottle is quite satisfactory for handling other liquids. With
liquids of high viscosity or high surface tension, such as water and
formaldehyde, it is virtually drip-proof. That troublesome last
drop which runs down the outside of ordinary containers or may
fall onto your notes in the laboratory cannot be enticed over the
lip of this special bottle. And on field trips, when concentrated
formaldehyde must be repeatedly poured from the stock bottle,
one’s car no longer need smell offensively from the fumes of escaped
droplets. — John F. Hanson, Amherst, Mass.

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Vol. LVI

A JAMAICAN NEOEMPHERIA OSTEN-SACKEN, 1878,
(DIPTERA iMYCETOPHILIDAE)1

By Edward I. Coher, Amherst, Mass.

The fungus gnat fauna of the West Indies is practically unknown
and thus it was with great interest and anticipation that I made a
trip to Jamaica to collect specimens with Dr. Thomas H. Farr of
the Institute of Jamaica. In certain areas of the island the collecting
proved to be very rich, and among the specimens taken was the
pair of Neoempheria described below. My approach to the resting
place of these insects in the damp, shady jungle disturbed them.
When recovered from the net they were not coupled. However, I
was under the impression that they were in copula as they flew off.
Therefore, despite certain small differences, I am assigning the
female to the same species as the male.

Examination of the two specimens shows that they have the
characteristics of the Maculipennis Group (Coher, 1959:17), the
wings of the female being typical, those of the male being some-
what darkened apically. This group of species, to which N. jamai-
censis n. sp. belongs, is characterized as follows.

Maculipennis Group

Head: the two ocellar bristles long, reaching forward nearly to
base of antennae ; antenna with first flagellar segment barely shorter
than scape plus pedicel ; apical dorsal seta of pedicel longer than
first flagellar segment. Pleura: with dark oblique stripe from
wing base to base of forecoxa; postnotum with dorsal trans-
verse stripe which extends onto and suffuses base of pleurotergite
and basal posterior margin of mesoepimeron. Wing: Sc2 ending
slightly beyond base of Rs ; Sc apically setiferous ; cell R3 about
three times as long as wide, subequal in length to M1 + 2 ; Ma, M4,
Cu and Ciu setose, M2 bare ; posterior fork basad of fR ; a narrow
dark band from below R4 + 5 through fM4 + 2 ; basal cell with dark
spot at base ; costal cell suffused ; apex of wing suffused but with
lighter area apically in cells R5 and Mx. Male terminalia: eighth
tergite subtrapezoidal, with median posterior margin convex and
setose ; anterior margin broadly emarginate ; eighth sternite sub-

1 Contribution No. 1345 from the entomological laboratory of the
University of Massachusetts. Published with the aid of a grant
from the Guy Chester Crampton Research Fund of the University
of Massachusetts.

Dec., 1961 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

129

triangular with posterior margin truncate and setose ; anterior
margin widely and shallowly emarginate ; outer style compressed,
subtriangular, with ‘porose’ area on median lateral surface at
sternal angle ; subaedeagal rod U-shaped ; tergal portion with a
patch of setulae basally ; anal segment short.

Neoempheria jamaicensis, n.sp.

Male. — Head: vertex, occiput and postfrons brownish ; prefrons,

Neoempheria jamaicensis, n.sp. Fig. 1, Wing of male. Fig. 2,
Wing of female.

Neoempheria jamaicensis, n.sp. Fig. 3, Tergal portion of ter-
minalia (setae omitted). Fig. 4, Sketch of unmounted apex of
inner style. Fig. 5, Inner style, right, rotated about 45° dorsally.
Fig. 6, Inner style, left, rotated about 90° dorsally. Figures not
to scale.

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Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LVI

postclypeus and anteclypeus yellowish-brown ; anteclypeus with
setae laterally ; antenna with scape and pedicel yellowish, flagellum
brownish ; palpus brownish. Thorax: anterior and posterior prono-
tum, postspiracular plate and paratergite yellow ; mesonotum with
dorsocentral, acrostichal and sublateral dark stripes strongly de-
veloped ; acrostichal stripes coalescing posteriorly and also coalesc-
ing with sublateral stripes anteriorly ; dorsocentral stripes not
quite coalescing with acrostichal stripes posteriorly ; setae in above
mesonotal positions in well-differentiated rows ; scutellum with
short, fine setae dorsad, laterad and mesad of scutellar setae ; wing
with apical light areas in cells R5 and M1 poorly delimited ; Sc with
a single apical seta; wing 3.5 mm. (Figs. 1, 2). Abdomen: TI
dark posterodorsal saddle ; Til anterodorsal dark saddle ; Till dark
with light semi-oval anterolateral area; TIV small anterodorsal
dark saddle; TV same as Till but light area smaller; TVI dark
dorsally and along lateral margin; TVII dark posterodorsal saddle.
Terminalia: (Figs. 3 to 6) : tergal portion with apical process dark,
subtriangular ; apical half of lateral margin of process narrowed to
form a small apical hook ; apex of tergal portion produced to form
a small depression between it and apical process, with median sur-
face setose ; sternal portion with inner style somewhat compressed,
broad, narrowed and twisted apically so that the apex is somewhat
like an L-beam from the basal portion of which a shallowly bifid
process tipped by two small setae arises ; inner process short,
cupped, apically truncate, setose; paramere sclerotized basally; SIX
divided to base, with apex rounded, bare.

Female. — Like male but with light area of abdominal Till
somewhat smaller ; apical light areas of wing in cells R5 and Mi
much more distinct than in male ; Sc with two or three setae apically.

Discussion. — N. jamaicensis is most closely related to N. macu-
lipennis Williston, 1896, and N. mulleri Edwards, 1940. It differs
from them in having more suffusion across wing cell R5. The inner
style of the male terminalia of the new species differs by having a
twisted apex and a subapical bifid lobe.

Types. — Holotype male and allotopotype female. West Indies :
Jamaica, Portland Parish, 1 mile WSW of Ecclesdown, 21 Jan.
1961 (E. I. Coher). Types in my personal collection.

Literature Cited

Coher, E. I. 1959. A synopsis of American Mycomyiini with
descriptions of new species (Diptera :Mycetophilidae) . Ent.
Americana 38 (N.S.) : 1-155, pis. 1-4, figs. 1-131.

Dec., 1961 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

131

NEW SPECIES OF HYDROPTILXDAE
(TRICHOPTERA)

By R. L. Blickle, Durham, New Hampshire1

During a survey of light trap collections from Florida several
undescribed species of Trichoptera were encountered. The fol-
lowing four descriptions are based on the male genitalia. Two of
the species are in the genus Hydroptila, and one each in the genera
Neotrichia and Ochrotrichia. Holotypes and paratypes will be
placed in the Illinois Natural History Survey Museum, Urbana,
Illinois.

Appreciation is expressed to Dr. Maurice Provost, Dr. and Mrs.
Robert Harrington, Miss Lucille Logan of the Florida State Board
of Health and Mrs. M. Olson Blickle whose cooperation made it
possible to complete the light trap survey.

Hydroptila lloganae, n. sp.

Male: Length from front of head to tip of wings 2.5 mm. The
apico-mesal process of the seventh sternite short and pointed.
Eighth segment with very dense, long hair concealing the genitalia.
Genitalia (Fig. 1). Tenth tergite (Fig. ID) composed of three
lobes ; dorsal lobe appearing broad and flat, lateral ones ear-shaped.
Claspers broad at base, tapering towards apex; a row of hairs on
the lateral margin ; two small protuberances laterally near the apex.
Aedeagus (Fig. IB) 0.6 mm. long; basal part twice as long as
apical ; spiral small ; apical part with a transparent, alate-like struc-
ture on one side.

In ventral view (Fig. 1C) this species resembles H. latosa Ross:
however, the internal process of the ninth segment is shorter and
the claspers do not have lateral processes on the base.

Holotype: Chattahoochee, Florida, 21 Apr. 1957. Paratypes:

Chattahoochee, Florida, one, 15 Mar. 1957; one, 29 Mar. 1957;
two, 19 Apr. 1957 ; one, 23 Apr. 1957 ; three, 3 May 1957 ; three,
21 May 1957; one, 13 June 1958. Goose Prairie, Florida, one, 9
May 1958. Highlands Hammock State Park, Florida, five, 22
Mar. 1958; one, 25 Apr. 1958; one, 9 May 1958; one, 13 June
1958; one, 13 Sept. 1957; one, 15 Sept. 1957; one, 25 Sept. 1957;
two, 15 Oct. 1957; one, 25 Oct. 1957. Temple Terrace, Florida,

1 Published with the approval of the Director of the New Hamp-
shire Agricultural Experiment Station as Scientific Contribution
No. 273.

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Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LVI

one, 11 Apr. 1958; one, 29 Apr. 1958; one, 13 June 1958; one, 2 7
Dec. 1957.

Hydroptila molsonae, n. sp.

Male: Length from front of head to tip of wings 3 mm. The

apico-mesal process of the seventh sternite short and pointed. The
apico-lateral margin of the eighth tergite with two long spines on
one specimen, three in the other ; eighth sternite and tergite deeply
incised ; ventral and apical part of segment densely clothed with
long hairs. Genitalia (Fig. 2) : in lateral aspect (Fig. 2A) claspers
broad and heavy, tapering to the apex which is bent down sharply ;
internal part of claspers large and projecting dorsally ; claspers in
ventral aspect (Fig. 2C) broad, parallel sided. Tenth tergite small,
npcurved at apex ; lateral to the tenth tergite two long upcurved
arms, one on either side ; these arms appearing sinuate in ventral
view. Aedeagus with a sharp bend at apex ; basal part slender for
one-third its length then gradually widening.

This is a striking and easily recognized species due to the long
spines on the eighth tergite. H. lonchera Blickle and Morse also
has similar spines on the apico-lateral margin of the eighth tergite.
The long upcurved arms (Fig. 2A), corresponding to the para-
meres of A. Nielsen, are also distinctive.

Holotype: Highlands Hammock State Park, Highlands Co.,

Florida, 25 Sept. 1958. Paratype: same date as holotype.

Neotrichia elerobi, n. sp.

Male: Length from front of head to tip of wings 2 mm. Eighth
segment with a heavy brush of spines apically. Genitalia (Fig. 3).
Tenth tergite membraneous, dorso-apical part projecting in lateral
view. Two long pointed lobes below the tenth tergite; these lobes,
when the specimen was placed in cellulose mounting media for
observation, drew together below the aedeagus until their mesal
margins touched; in alcohol the lobes spread apart (Fig. 3C).
Claspers small and hooklike, appearing smooth in ventral view and
toothed in lateral view. Aedeagus with long spiral process and an
irregular, expanded membranous area around the apex.

This species is closely related to N. vibrans Ross : however, it
differs in the shape of the aedeagus and in the long pointed lobes
beneath the tenth tergite.

Holotype: Laurel Hill, Florida, 30 Apr. 1957.

Ochrotrichia provosti, n. sp.

Male: Length from front of head to wing tip 3 mm. Tenth

tergite (Fig. 4D) with two long sclerotized processes, one on each

Dec., 1961 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

133

Blickle

Male genitalia of Hydroptila , N eotrichia, Ochrotrichia: A, lat-
eral view; B, aedeagus; C, ventral view; D, dorsal view.

134

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vo1- LVI

side, of approximately equal length ; these processes convoluted at
apex ; convolutions rotating in the same direction but differing in
the number of turns ; basally the sclerotized processes unite into
two ovoid-like masses ; in lateral view base of processes divided
into upper and lower sclerotized parts ; apex of convolutions con-
nected by a sclerotized structure which extends basally to the ninth
segment ; this structure appearing as a thin sheet in dorsal view.

This species differs from others in the genus in that it possesses
two sclerotized rods or processes on the tenth tergite.

Holotype : Temple Terrace, Florida, 12 July 1957.

Literature Cited

Blickle, R. L. and W. J. Morse. 1954. New species of Hydrop-
tilidae (Trichopetera) . Bui. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 49(5) :
121-27.

Neilson, A. 1956. Trichoptera, pp. 88-96, in Tuxen, Taxo-
nomists glossary of genitalia in insects. Ejnar Munksgaard,
Copenhagen.

Ross, H. H. 1944. The caddisflies or Trichoptera of Illinois.
111. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bui. 23(1) : 1-326.

1947. Descriptions and records of North American

Trichoptera, with synoptic notes. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc.
73: 125-168.

THE NEW CODE

A LETTER FROM PROFESSOR BRADLEY

Dear Dr. Hanson :

It will interest your readers to know that the long-awaited newly
revised International Code of Zoological Nomenclature is scheduled
for publication the first week of November, 1961, and may be ob-
tained, post free, for one pound sterling upon application to the
Publication Office, The International Trust for Zoological Nomen-
clature, 19 Belgrave Square, London, S.W. 1.

This new revision was commenced at the Paris Congress in 1948,
and has since then had incorporated in it the principles laid
down in the Opinions of the International Commission on Zoologi-
cal Nomenclature during the preceding half century, which had
come to compromise a formidable body of case-law. It was the

Dec., 1961 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

135

subject of close scrutiny by the First International Colloquium on
Zoological Nomenclature in Copenhagen, which sat continuously
from the 29th of July to the 4th of August, 1953, and was attended
by 51 zoologists from some twelve countries. Based on the old
code and all the revisionary decisions reached up to that period a
new tentative draft code was then prepared and published, as was
also an extended bulk of subsequent comment emanating from
world-wide sources. All this material came before the Second
International Colloquium on Zoological Nomenclature which was
held at London in July, 1958, with a membership of approximately
200 zoologists. The ensuing Fifteenth International Congress of
Zoology empowered its Commission on Nomenclature to adopt
and publish the final wording of a fully revised code, based entirely
on the decisions reached by the Colloquium and Congress, except
that it was given power to decide a few details which time had pre-
vented from being considered at London. The final wording and
editing of the new code was placed in the hands of a committee of
two French, two British and two American zoologists. Their
work, the results of which have been adopted by the Commission,
has proven most arduous, and has taken many months and even
years to accomplish. It included a week’s session in London in
the spring of 1959.

The Code, in its new guise, forms a volume of almost exactly 200
pages and consists of equivalent English and French texts on facing
pages, English and French glossaries, Index, Introduction by
Norman R. Stoll, and a Preface.

Yours truly,

J. Chester Bradley
President of the International
Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature

136

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LVI

TORRE-BUENO’S GLOSSARY OF
ENTOMOLOGY— SUPPLEMENT A

CONTENTS OF VOLUME LVI

(Arranged alphabetically throughout)

COLEOPTERA

Review of the limatulus-setosus
group of the genus Endalus
in America north of Mexico
( Coleoptera : Curculionidae ) ,
H. R. Burke, 9-19.

Taxonomic notes on some Mex-
ican and Central American
Elaphidionine Cerambycidae
(Coleoptera), E. C. Linsley,
32-43.

Diptera

A Jamaican Neoempheria Osten-
Sacken, 1878, (Diptera: My-
cetophilidae), E. I. Coher,
128-130.

Theconopid flies of Idaho (Dip-
tera: Conopidae), B. A.

Foote and A. R. Gittins, 1-5.

The designation and description
of the neotype of Tipula fra-
terna Loew (Tipulidae: Dip-
tera), 43-45.

The genus Hodophylax James
(Diptera: Asilidae), J. Wil-
cox, 112-116.

Observations on the immature
stages of Protodictya hondu-
rana (Diptera: Sciomyzidae),
S. E. Neff and C. O. Berg,
46-56.

Undescribed species of nemato-
cerous Diptera. Part X., C.
P. Alexander, 121-127.

General

A dripless dispensing bottle, J.

F. Hanson, 127.

A modification of the New Jer-
sey insect light trap to reduce
damage to specimens, G. F.
Edmunds, 31.

A simple method for preparing
uniform minuten-pin double
mounts, B. V. Peterson, J. W.
McWade and E. F. Bond, 19-
22.

Announcement :

Torre-Bueno’s glossary of en-
tomology— Supplement A,
G. S. Tulloch, 56, 65, 116,
136.

Insects from tunnels of Xylocopa
virginica (Linn.) (Col., Lep.,
Dipt., Hym.), W. V. Balduf,
81-85.

Publications Received :

A manual of common beetles
of Eastern North America,
Eliz. S. and L. S. Dillon,
21.

Evolution above the species
level, B. Rensch, 61.
Principles of animal taxon-
omy, G. S. Simpson, 61.

The new Code — A letter from
Professor Bradley, 134-135.

137

138

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LVl

Hemiptera : Heteroptera

A new species of Limnogonus Gerridae), H. B. Hungerford

from Australia (Hemiptera: and R. Matsuda, 117-120.

Hymenoptera

A new Opius and two new spe-
cies of Microctonus Hymenop-
tera: Braconidae), C. F. W.
Muesebeck, 57-61.

Insects from tunnels of Xylocopa
virginica (Linn.) (Col., Lep.,
Dipt., Hym.), W. V. Balduf,
81-85.

Miscellaneous prey records of
solitary wasps. IV. (Hy-
menoptera: Aculeata), K. V.
Krombein, 62-65.

Some observations and prey
records of Pompilidae (Hy-
menoptera) from northeast-
ern United States, F. E. Kurc-
zewski, 23-24.

Lepidoptera

A review of the genus Walshia
Clemens with descriptions of
new species (Lepidoptera:
Gelechioidea) , R. W. Hodges,
66-80.

New heliothid moth from cen-
tral Florida (Lepidoptera:
Noctuidae), McElvare, 6-8.

The male of Martyringa ravi-

Smaller Orders and

A gynandromorphic crab spider,

J. F. Anderson, 100-103.

New Delaware records for mam-
malian ectoparasites, includ-
ing Siphonaptera host list, E.
D. Tindall and R. F. Darsie,
89-99.

New species of Hydroptilidae
(Trichoptera) , R. L. Blickle,
131-134.

capitis (Lepidoptera: Oeco-
phoridae), R. W. Hodges,
22-23.

Three new species of Psilocorsis
Clemens (Lepidoptera : Oeco-
phoridae) from southern Ari-
zona, R. W. Hodges, 103—
111.

Other Arthropods

Studies on the Plecoptera of
North America: VIII. The
identity of the species of
Paracapnia, J. F. Hanson,
25-30.

Studies on the Plecoptera of
North America: IX. Capnia
manitoba in the Northeast,
J. F. Hanson and S. W.
Hitchcock, 85-88.

Dec.,, 1961 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

139

INDEX TO VOLUME LVI

New species and other new forms are indicated by boldface.
0 indicates animals other than insects, * plants.

Ablautus mcgregori, 113

* Achilla millifolium, 3
Actinospermnm angustifolium, 8

* Aeschnomene virginica, 16
0 Agelenopsis potteri, 23, 24
Ageniella semitincta, 23, 25
Ahasversus advena, 81
Allocapnia, 86

* Amorpha frnticosa, 69
Anelapluis, 33, 37

daedaleus, 38
inermis, 39
jansoni, 38-39
panamensis, 39-40
subseriatus, 40
Anopliomorpha, 33, 40, 42
reticolle, 42
rinconium, 42
Anoplius ( Lophopompilus )
Carolina, 63

Aporinellus completus, 62, 63

* Arachis sp., 70

0 Araneus cornutus, 63
0 Aranea cornuta, 24
patagiata, 24
Archytax aterrimus, 65

* Asclepias sp., 2, 3

* Aster sp., 3

* Astragalus sp., 70
Atrichomelina pubera, 46, 49, 55
Auplopus a. architectus, 24, 62

0 Biomphalaria glabratus, 48
0 Blarina brevicauda, 91
b. talpoides, 91
Blarinobia simplex, 91, 92

* Brassica sp., 3

Calicurgus hyalinatus alienatus,
62

Capnia, 27, 85-86
labradora, 85
manitoba, 85-87
vernalis, 85

Ceratopbyllus gallinae, 97

Cediopsylla simplex, 97

* Chaenactis sp., 3

* Chionanthus virginica, 64

* Cbrysothamnus sp., 2-5

* Cirsium sp., 4

vulgare, 70

0 Clubiona sp., 24, 62

Ctenocephalides canis, 97
felis, 97

Ctenophthalmus pseudagyrtes,
94, 97

Dalmania blaisdelli, 5
picta, 5
vitiosa, 5

Dictya, 46-48

0 Didelphis marsupialis virgini-
ana, 94

Doratopsylla blarinae, 92, 94, 97

Ectemnius (Hypocrabro) con-
tinuus, 65

Edwardsina argentinensis, 127
imperatrix, 126-127

Elaphidion, 32-35

glabriusculum, 34—35
irroratum, 33
laeve, 33-34
mimeticum, 33
scabricolle, 34

140

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol. LVl

Elaphidionoides, 32-36
gibbulus, 35
lanuginosus, 35-36
Enaphalodes, 33, 36
atomarium, 36
coronatum, 36-37
decipiens, 36
senex, 37
taeniatum, 37
Endalus, 9

aeratus, 10-18
celatus, 10-18
cribicollis, 10 — 18
disgregus, 10-18
laticollis, 10
limatulus, 10-18
ovalis, 10
punctatus, 10
robustus, 10-18
septosus, 10-18
0 Epeira displicata, 24

* Epilobium angustifolium, 5
Episyron q. quinquequenotatus,

24, 63

Epitedia wenmanni, 92, 94, 97

* Eriogonum sp., 3
Euschongastia blarinae, 91-92

peromysci, 91-93
Eustromula, 33

* Grindelia sp., 3

* Gutierrezia sarothrae, 3

0 Habrocestum pulex, 62
Haemolaelaps glasgowi, 92, 93
0 Helisoma trivolvis, 48, 50
Hirstionyssus carnifex, 92, 93
Hodophylax, 112
aridus, 112, 113
basingeri, 112-114
halli, 112, 115-116
tolandi, 113-115
Hoplodictya, 49

Hoplopleura acanthopus, 94
hesperomydis, 92, 93-94

* Hydrangea sp., 69
Hydroptila latosa, 131

lloganae, 131-132
lonchera, 132
molsonae, 132

* Hypericum perforatum, 4, 5
Hypermallus, 33-42

arizonensis, 35

* Juncus, 16

Limnogonus cheesmani, 118
windi, 117-120

* Lupinus sp., 3

arboreus, 70
chamissionis, 70
0 Lycosa avida, 23

Martyringa latipennis, 22
ravicapitis, 22

* Melilotus sp., 2, 4, 5
Megabothris asio asio, 97
Microctonus eleodis, 59

invictus, 59-60
mellinus, 59
pachylobii, 58-60
vittatus, 58

0 Microtus pennsylvanicus, 93,
94

pinetorum, 94
Mimesa (M.) basirufa, 64
Monobia quadridens, 82
Myopa curticornis, 4
longipilis, 4
melanderi, 4
perplexa, 4
rubida, 4
vesiculosa, 4
vicaria, 4

Dec., 1961 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

141

Neoempheria jamaicensis,
128-130

maculipennis, 130
mulleri, 130

Neothomasia populicola, 65
Neotrichia elerobi, 132
vibrans, 132

Nephopteryx subcaesiella, 81, 82
Nomia melanderi, 2

Occemyia loraria, 4
luteipes, 4
modesta, 4
nigripes, 4
propinqua, 5
Ochrotrichia provosti,

132-134

Odontopsylla multispinosus, 97
Omniablautus, 112
Opius alloeus, 57
ferrugineus, 57
juglandis, 57-58, 60
muliebris, 57
Orchelimum sp., 64
Orchopeas h. howardii, 92, 95,
98

leucopus, 92, 95, 98
Oropsylla arctomyx, 98
Osmia californica, 84
lignaria, 81, 83
1. porpinqua, 84

Pachylobius picivorus, 59
Paracapnia, 25-26, 86
angulata, 28, 29-30
curvata, 25, 26
opis, 25-30
vernalis, 26
0 Paradosa milvina, 23
Parataracticus, 112
Passaloecus annulatus, 65
eximium, 40, 41

Peranoplium, 33, 40
misellum, 40, 41
undulatum, 41-42
Perimede erransella, 77
particornella, 66
0 Peromyscus leucopus, 94
1. noveboracensis 89, 91
maniculatus, 94

* Phacelia sp., 5
Phanagenia bombycinia, 23
0 Phidippus clarus, 63
Physocephala burgessi, 2

marginata, 2
texana, 2

Physoconops fronto, 2
obscuripennis, 2
Poecilomallus, 33, 37
palpalis, 37

Priocnemis cornica, 23
(P.)scitula relicta, 62
Priocnessus nebulosus, 23
Protodictya hondurana, 46-56

* Prunus sp., 4

Pseudodynerus quadrisectus, 82
Psilocorsis amydra, 104-106,
110-111

arguta, 106-108, 110-111
caryae, 111
cirrhoptera, 108-111
faginella, 106, 108, 110, 111
fletcherella, 111
obsoletella, 111
quercicella, 111
reflexella, 111

Pulex i. irritans, 92, 195, 98

Resinacarus spp., 92, 93
Rhagoletis juglandis, 58

* Rhododendron, 122, 123, 125
Rhodipsa fulleri, 6, 7, 8

volupia, 6, 7, 8
volupides, 7

Robertsonomyia parva, 3

142

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society

Vol, LVI

* Salix sp., 69

Sepedon, 46-48

* Scirpus, 9

acutus, 16
americanus, 16
fluviatilis, 14

0 Sciurus carolinensis pennsyl-
vanicus, 91

* Soli dago sp., 4

0 Sorex cinereus, 91

Stenoponia americana, 92, 96,

Stigmus (S.) americanus, 64,

Tachytes (Tachyplena) crassus,
64

Tetanocera, 49

Tipula fraterna, 43-45

Therioaphis sp., 65

Trichocera bellula, 121-122
percincta, 122-124
punctipennis, 122, 125
regelationis, 126
superna, 122, 124-125
variata, 125-126
versicolor, 125

In this volume: 28 new species.

Trigonoscuta, 61
Trogoderma glabrum, 81
Trypoxylon striatum, 82-83
(T.) pennsylvanicum, 64
* Typha latifolia, 16

0 Wadotes sp., 63
Walshia, 66

amorphella, 66-73
dispar, 67, 78, 72-73
exemplata, 67, 72, 73
miscecolorella, 66-73
particornella, 67, 73, 75
similis, 67-77
0 Wixia extypa, 62

Xylocopa virginica, 81-85
0 Xysticus transversatus,
100-103

Zodion abitus, 1, 2
americanum, 2
cinereventre, 2
fulvifrons, 3
intermedium, 3
obliquefasciatum, 3
perlongum, 3

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Hofifmann. 76 pp., 20 figs. 1935 $ 2.00

A Review of the Genus Cyrtopogon in North America,

Wilcox and Martin. 95 pp., 58 figs. 1936 $ 2.00

Bibliography of the Described Life Histories of the
Rhopalocera of America North of Mexico, Daven-
port and Dethier. 40 pp. 1937 $ 4.00

Monographs from Entomologica Americana

The American Patrobini, Darlington. 48 pp. 1938 .... $ 1.00

Taxonomic Studies in Cantharis (Coleoptera), Green. 59

pp., 3 plates. 1940 $1.00

A Synopsis of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera of America
North of Mexico — Part II. Coreidae, Alydidae, Cor-
izidae, Neididae, Pyrrhocoridae and Thaumastothe-
riidae, Torre-Bueno. 81 pp. 1941 $ 6.00

A Monograph of the Melophaginae, or Ked-Flies of
Sheep, Goafs, Deer and Antelope, Bequaert. cloth
bound, 210 pp., 18 figs. 1942 $ 5.00

Selection of Colored Lights by Night-Flying Insects,

Milne and Milne. 65 pp. 1944 $ 3.00

A Revision of the North American Species of the Genus

Carabus, Van Dyke. 50 pp., 24 figs. 1944 $ 3.00

The Larvae of the Harpalinae Unisetosae, Chu. 71 pp., 92

figs. 1945 $ 1.00

Notes and Keys on the Genus Brochymena, Ruckes. 95

pp., 41 figs. 1946 $ 3.00

Female Genitalia of Culicidae, with Particular Reference

to Characters of Generic Value, Coher. 38 pp. 1948 . .$ 4.00

The Scutate Ticks, or Ixodidae, of Indonesia, Anastos.

144 pp., 28 figures. 1950 5.00

The Tingoidea of New England and their Biology,

Bailey, 140 pp., 6 figs. 1951 $ 5.00

The Hippoboscidae or Louse-Flies of Mammals and
Birds, Part I. Structure, Physiology and Natural

History, Bequaert, 442 pp., 21 figs., 1952-53. ...... $10.00

Part II. Taxonomy, Evolution and Revision
of American Genera and Species. 611 pp., 83 figs.
1954—56 $15.00

All orders for all publications MUST be sent DIRECT to Brook-
lyn Entomologicial Society, R. R. McElvare, Treasurer, P. O. Box
386, Southern Pines, North Carolina.

BUSINESS PRESS INC., Lancaster, Pa.

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